OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence and causes of unplanned interruption of radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study developed in the Division of Radiotherapy of Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, with data collected from 560 dossiers of patients submitted to radiotherapy in the period between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2005. Chi-squared and Student t tests were utilized in the data analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Interruption of treatment was identified in 350 cases, corresponding to 62.5% of the patients. The reasons for treatment interruption were the following: preventive device maintenance (55%), patient's own private reasons (13%), adverse reactions to the treatment or to combined radiotherapy/chemotherapy (6%), clinical worsening (3%), two or more combined reasons (23%). The interruption time interval ranged between 1 and 24 days (mean 1.4 day). One-day interruption was mostly due to preventive device maintenance (84.4%); two-five-day interruption was due to combined reasons (48.28%). CONCLUSION: The most frequent cause of interruption was preventive device maintenance, with maximum two-day time interval.

Keywords: Radiotherapy, Cancer, Interruptions, Treatment

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second tumor in incidence and mortality among malignant neoplasms in men. The differentiation between tumors confined to the organ and those with extraprostatic extension is critical for an appropriate therapeutic planning. Different studies have demonstrated that magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate with endorectal coil is useful in the local staging of these tumors. The present article presents information on the prostate gland anatomy, the tumor aspect at magnetic resonance imaging, specific signs of extracapsular extension and seminal vesicles invasion, protocol suggestions, general principles and relevance of proton spectroscopy, perfusion and diffusion imaging, role of magnetic resonance imaging in the postoperative and post-radiotherapy detection of local tumor recurrence, and also in the detection of lesions in patients with clinical/laboratory suspicion of prostate adenocarcinoma. Additionally, the present article describes differential diagnoses and limitations of the method.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, Adenocarcinoma, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cancer staging

OBJECTIVE: To present the experience of Santa Cecília Hospital (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) radiology service in the handling of computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and percutaneous core biopsy of pulmonary lesions, analyzing their importance and associated complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty-eight computed tomography-guided biopsies were performed in 84 men and 84 women. Sixty-four patients underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy, 68 underwent percutaneous core biopsy and 36 patients underwent both techniques. RESULTS: Pneumothorax occurred in 38 patients, and pulmonary hemorrhage in then cases. The biopsied lesions ranged in size from 0.5 to 15 cm. The diagnosis was achieved at the first attempt in 132 cases and at the second attempt in ten cases. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of fine-needle aspiration and percutaneous core biopsies depends both on the size of the lesion and the patient's cooperation. These techniques are relatively safe and present a high diagnostic accuracy when performed by an experienced professional.

Keywords: Biopsy, Cancer, Computed tomography

We report a case of a patient with actinomycosis of the larynx mimicking a neoplasm. A literature review, clinical features, pathology and imaging findings is also presented. This paper reports a rare disease occurring in an atypical location, simulating larynx neoplasm. To our knowledge, there is no report of this disease and locations evaluated with computed tomography.

Keywords: Actinomycosis, Computed tomography, Cancer

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical benefit of pre-ablation scanning in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed scannings and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements before the first ablative therapy in 100 patients with hypothyroidism submitted to total thyroidectomy. Scanning was considered clinically significant when it showed resectable metastases or which were treated with higher doses than the initially proposed one (100 mCi of 131I), in addition to cases with no uptake and Tg levels < 5 ng/ml not requiring radioiodine therapy. RESULTS: Scanning showed uptake corresponding to lymph node metastases in 10 patients (10%), distant metastases in 5 (5%), uptake only in the thyroid bed in 76 (76%), and was negative in 9 (9%). The procedure was considered clinically relevant in 18% of the patients (indicating the need of surgery, dose increase or discontinuation of radioiodine therapy). In patients with Tg > 10 ng/ml, scanning influenced therapeutic management in 41% of the cases due to detection of metastases, while in patients with Tg < 10 ng/ml scanning influenced therapeutic management in only 10% of the patients, most of which did not receive radioiodine therapy. CONCLUSION: Scanning provides clinically significant data (presence of metastases) in many patients with Tg levels > 10 ng/ml and, therefore, should be used in these cases.

Keywords: Thyroid cancer, Scanning, Ablative therapy

Currently, mammography is the most effective method for an early diagnosis of breast cancer. In 85% to 90% of the cases, a high quality mammography allows the visualization of a tumor more than two years before the occurrence of lymph nodes involvement in women over 50 years of age. The radiological appearance of a normal and a sick tissue is very similar, therefore, a high quality of the scan is essential to obtain high contrast resolution to allow distinguishing them. Strict and preestablished protocols must be followed during mammography in order to reach high quality standards. Artifacts are defects occurred during film processing that interfere in the quality of the final image and can result in loss or masked information. Several types of artifacts from different sources can occur during image acquisition. These can be caused by the processor, the radiology technician, the mammography unit or the patient, and all result in degradation of the image acquired. The aim of this study is to review the effective methods that can be used in the quality control of mammography and to analyze the most important artifacts occurring in the daily practice, showing illustrations and suggestions on how to avoid them.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Breast radiology, Artifact

The aim of this study is to look over the indications for bone scintigraphy in the staging and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer. The authors reviewed the literature on the subject and analyzed the criteria used for indication of this test, and compared it with other methods for the evaluation of patients with this condition. Clinical applications of bone scintigraphy in prostate cancer are established according to new parameters described in the literature, also taking into consideration its cost-effectiveness.

Keywords: Bone scintigraphy, Prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics of physicians in the State of Goiás, Brazil, regarding patient management, beliefs, opinions and knowledge about breast cancer. MATERIALS END METHODS: A total of 592 questionnaires were mailed to gynecologists, mastologists and geriatricians. The survey covered the following main aspects: 1 - socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, year of graduation, private or public practice); 2 - ability to recognize breast cancer risk factors; 3 - implementation of educational activities for the patients; 4 - perception of obstacles to breast cancer screening; 5 - generic questions. RESULTS: The total number of answered questionnaires was 105 (21.2%); 70.5% were male physicians; mean age was 43.9 years (26-70 years); 73.5% had 20 years or less of graduation; 88.6% were gynecologists, 4.8% gynecologists/mastologists, 3.8% mastologists and 2.8% geriatricians; 62.5% were practicing in private and public clinics. Only 13.3% of the physicians recognized the five breast cancer risk factors presented. Approximately 95% of the physicians attended continuing medical education courses in the last two years previous to the survey. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer screening guidelines seemed to be misleading for most physicians. The answers regarding educational activities were sometimes contradictory. The beliefs and opinions regarding breast cancer screening were strongly positive. Insufficient number of equipments and the high cost of the tests were pointed out as obstacles to breast cancer screening.

Keywords: Mammography, Screening, Breast cancer

The aim of this study was to identify the sentinel node by periareolar injection of the radiopharmaceutical in four points, regardless of tumor topography. The sentinel node biopsy reduces morbidity in axillary staging. Fifty-seven sentinel node biopsies were prospectively performed in two groups: group A (25 patients) and group B (32 patients). The peritumoral injection technique was used in group A and the new injection technique in four points was used in group B. The sentinel node biopsies were studied by imprint cytology and hematoxilin and eosin staining followed by axillary lymph node dissection in all patients of group A and only in the positive cases of group B. In group A, 88% (22/25) of the sentinel nodes were identified. There was no false negative case; the sensibility and specificity were of 100%. In group B, 96% (31/32) of sentinel nodes were identified and the status of the axillary lymph nodes showed a predictive positive value of 100%. The number of sentinel nodes varied from 1 to 7, mode of 1 and median of 2.7. The hotspot area was 10 to 100 times the background radiation. The periareolar injection in four points seems to be a good lymphatic mapping method for identification of the sentinel node. We suggest the standardization of this site for injections to identify the sentinel node, although further studies to confirm these findings are necessary.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Sentinel node, Lymphoscintigraphy

We studied the profile of 2,000 women who were submitted to mammography studies at a public hospital and at a private clinic in the city of Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Data were collected through interviews. The mean age of the women was 49 years. Most women resided in the city, 11.5% had not breastfed whereas two thirds had breastfed for more than 6 months. Hormone-replacement therapy was used by over 20% of the women, of which one fifth had never been submitted to a mammography study. Family history of breast cancer was reported in 13.3% of the women examined at the public hospital and in 7.5% of the women examined at the private clinic. Of these, 28.67% and 33.33%, respectively, had never been submitted to a mammography study before. Screening for cancer was the main cause that motivated the exam. A great number of the interviewed women had not been submitted to a mammography study due to the lack of a medical request, or simply because they considered it unnecessary at the time of request.

Keywords: Mammography, Breast cancer, Screening

Objetivo: A principal utilidade da tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18-fluordeoxiglicose (FDG-PET) está no estadiamento do câncer de pulmão. Porém, ela também pode ser utilizada para diferenciar lesões pulmonares indeterminadas, mas seu impacto na ressecção cirúrgica de lesões benignas é desconhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a prevalência de lesões benignas em toracotomias feitas por suspeição de câncer de pulmão, antes e após a introdução do FDG-PET, em um centro de referência de cirurgia torácica. Materiais e Métodos: Os autores analisaram, prospectivamente, uma base de dados cirúrgicos de todos os pacientes consecutivos submetidos a toracotomia por câncer de pulmão suspeito ou comprovado e compararam a prevalência de lesões benignas em dois grupos ao longo de dois anos consecutivos, respectivamente antes (grupo I) e depois (grupo II) da introdução da FDG-PET. Resultados: Ressecção cirúrgica foi feita em 1.233 pacientes durante o período do estudo. A prevalência de lesões benignas na cirurgia nos grupos I e II foi similar (44/626 e 41/607, ambas correspondendo a 7%), e também no grupo II, entre aqueles submetidos a FDG-PET e os restantes (21/301 e 20/306 respectivamente, ambos correspondendo a 7%). No grupo II, dos 21 pacientes com lesões benignas submetidos a FDG-PET, 19 tiveram um estudo falso-positivo (valor médio padrão de captação 5.3 [faixa 2.6–12.7]). Desses, respectivamente 13 e 4 pacientes tiveram broncoscopia não diagnóstica e biópsia transtorácica percutânea de pulmão antes da toracotomia. Não houve diferença na proporção de lesões benignas diferentes ressecadas entre o grupo I e aqueles submetidos a FDG-PET no grupo II. Conclusão: A introdução da FDG-PET não alterou a proporção de pacientes submetidos a toracotomia por lesões benignas, principalmente devido à avidez pelo isótopo de algumas lesões não malignas. Tais resultados falsos-positivos devem ser considerados nos casos em que se contempla a possibilidade de ressecção cirúrgica em pacientes com câncer de pulmão não confirmado.

Keywords: Tomografia por emissão de pósitrons; Tomografia computadorizada; Pulmão – lesões benignas ou congênitas; Câncer de pulmão – diagnóstico e estadiamento; Câncer de pulmão – cirurgia.

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de médicos residentes em radiologia de 4º ano sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem na investigação de neoplasias e trauma. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte e sete médicos residentes de 4º ano de quatro programas de residência em radiologia americanos participaram do estudo. Aos participantes foi perguntado sobre a melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar o cérebro e a coluna vertebral, pulmões, abdome e o sistema musculoesquelético. As modalidades de imagem disponíveis foram: RM, TC, ultrassonografia, PET e radiografia simples. Todos os achados foram comparados com os Critérios de Adequação de Exames de Imagem e Radioterapia do ACR. Resultados: A RM foi escolhida como melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar neoplasias encefálicas, espinhais, abdominais e musculoesqueléticas por 96,3%, 100%, 70,4% e 63% dos residentes, respectivamente. A TC foi escolhida por 88,9% dos residentes para avaliar neoplasias pulmonares. A modalidade de imagem ótima para se avaliar trauma foi a TC para lesões encefálicas (100%), espinhais (92,6%), pulmonares (96,3%), abdominais (92,6%) e grandes lesões traumáticas musculoesqueléticas (74,1%); a RM foi escolhida para lesões esportivas (96,3%). Observou-se concordância com os critérios de adequação do ACR. Conclusão: Houve concordância entre a percepção dos residentes sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem para avaliação de neoplasias e trauma e os critérios de adequação do ACR.

Keywords: Formação de residentes; Educação médica; Modalidades de imagem.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a perfusão miocárdica de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e tipo 2 (DM2) assintomáticos, sem diagnóstico prévio de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) ou acidente vascular cerebral. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e nove pacientes consecutivos (16 DM1, 43 DM2) foram submetidos a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com sestamibi-^99mTc (CPM). Foram avaliados quanto ao índice de massa corpórea, controle metabólico do diabetes, dislipidemia, terapia para o diabetes, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, nefropatia, retinopatia, neuropatia periférica, tabagismo e história familiar de DAC. RESULTADOS: CPM foi anormal em 25,4%: 12 (20,3%) com alterações de perfusão e 3 com disfunção ventricular esquerda isolada. Os mais fortes preditores de perfusão miocárdica anormal foram: idade igual ou maior a 60 anos (p = 0,017, odds ratio [OR] = 6,0), neuropatia periférica (p = 0,028, OR = 6,1), nefropatia (p = 0,031, OR = 5,6) e ECG de esforço positivo para isquemia (p = 0,049, OR = 4,08). CONCLUSÃO: A isquemia miocárdica silenciosa ocorre em mais de um em cada cinco diabéticos assintomáticos. Os mais fortes preditores de isquemia foram: idade avançada, neuropatia periférica, nefropatia, retinopatia e ECG de esforço positivo para isquemia.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica; Isquemia miocárdica silenciosa; Doença arterial coronariana.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a completude das fissuras, resposta radiológica ao tratamento e análise quantitativa por TC (AQTC) em população de pacientes com enfisema grave submetidos ao implante de valvas endobrônquicas (VEB). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados exames de TC multidetectores de 29 pacientes, realizados com protocolo de baixo dose, cortes finos, sem contraste. Dois radiologistas revisaram, retrospectivamente, os exames em consenso. A completude das fissuras foi estimada em escala de 5% e a resposta radiológica (atelectasia/perda volumétrica do lobo alvo) foi avaliada. AQTC foi realizada nos exames pré e pós-tratamento utilizando programa completamente automático. RESULTADOS: Resposta radiológica positiva foi vista em 16/29 pacientes. Os 13 pacientes sem resposta à TC apresentavam fissuras incompletas e completude média das fissuras obliquas de 72,8%, contra 88,3% no outro grupo. Os resultados mais significativos da AQTC mostraram redução do volume pulmonar (VP) total (média de 542 ml), VP tratado (700 ml) e volume de enfisema (331,4 ml) no grupo com resposta positiva, que também apresentou melhora nos testes funcionais. CONCLUSÃO: O benefício das VEB é maior em pacientes com fissuras completas e que desenvolvem atelectasia lobar. Nos pacientes sem resposta radiológica encontramos maior prevalência de fissuras incompletas e grau de incompletude das fissuras. Nossa AQTC automática detectou as alterações pós-tratamento, principalmente considerado a análise do pulmão tratado.

Keywords: Enfisema; Terapia de colapso pulmonar; Tomografia computadorizada.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os padrões tomográficos relacionados aos agentes etiológicos da pneumonia em pacientes durante o primeiro ano após transplante renal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de prontuários de 956 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, no período de 2013 a 2018, em um centro transplantador renal do nordeste do Brasil. Nos pacientes que desenvolveram pneumonia, os agentes etiológicos foram classificados em bactérias piogênicas, micobactérias, fungos, vírus e pneumonia polimicrobiana, enquanto os padrões tomográficos foram classificados em consolidação, broncopneumonia, pneumonia intersticial e nódulos e massas. Para verificar associação estatística entre micro-organismos e padrões tomográficos, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher, com p < 0,001. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 101 casos de pneumonia, dos quais 60 (59,4%) tiveram agente etiológico identificado, sendo as bactérias piogênicas as mais frequentes, detectadas em 22 (36,7%) dos casos. Entre os pacientes com agente causal identificado, o padrão tomográfico predominante foi o de nódulos e massas, identificado em 25 (41,7%) casos. Foi observada associação entre bactérias piogênicas e o padrão de consolidação, fungos com nódulos e massas, bem como entre agentes virais e padrão intersticial. CONCLUSÃO: Foi demonstrada associação estatística entre micro-organismos causadores de pneumonia e padrões tomográficos, informação que pode contribuir para o planejamento da terapia de pacientes transplantados renais.

Keywords: Pneumonia; Transplante de rim; Tomografia computadorizada.