Interventional radiology has advanced significantly in recent decades, enhancing quality of life with treatments that are safer and less invasive. Despite these benefits, public awareness about vascular procedures remains limited, which affects the adoption of these therapeutic interventions by patients and physicians alike. Behavioral science theories, such as the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the technology acceptance model (TAM), offer a robust framework to address this gap by shaping patient health-seeking behaviors. The TPB examines how attitudes, norms, and perceived control influence behavior, whereas the TAM focuses on technology acceptance based on ease of use and usefulness. Attitudes reflect opinions, subjective norms indicate social pressure, and perceived control relates to confidence in performing the behavior. Applying these models can improve patient acceptance and health care outcomes. Collectively, these models are instrumental frameworks in medical innovation, offering a systematic approach to evaluating and promoting the acceptance of new technologies. As health care continues to evolve, with rapid technological advancements, this narrative review underscores the potential role of these models in facilitating the successful integration of medical innovations, enhancing patient care, and optimizing health care practices.

Keywords: Vascular surgical procedures; Radiology, interventional; Behavior therapy; Educational technology; Diffusion of innovation; Quality improvement.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold-standard imaging modality for evaluating perianal fistulas, playing a pivotal role in characterizing fistula anatomy and guiding optimal surgical strategies. Appropriate preoperative MRI assessment can significantly reduce recurrence rates and minimize the risk of complications, such as fecal incontinence. This article reviews the most relevant information that an MRI report should contain to aid effective surgical decision-making for perianal fistulas. These features influence therapeutic choices, including decisions regarding the suitability of techniques like fistulotomy, ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT), fistula-tract laser closure (FiLaC), and advancement flaps. The emerging role of three-dimensional (3D) modeling from MRI data is also discussed, highlighting its potential to enhance surgeons’ spatial understanding of complex fistulous anatomy, thereby improving surgical planning, reducing operative time, and ultimately improving outcomes. However, the generation of accurate 3D models depends on meticulous image segmentation and interpretation by experienced radiologists. Future research directions, including the integration of 3D models with intraoperative navigation and standardized assessment of inflammatory activity, are also addressed in this review.

Keywords: Rectal fistula/diagnostic imaging; Anal canal/surgery; Magnetic resonance imaging; Imaging, three-dimensional; Colorectal surgery.

In May 2025, the World Health Assembly adopted Resolution WHA78.13, formally recognizing medical imaging as a fundamental pillar of universal health coverage. Brazil, as a co-sponsor of the Resolution, plays a decisive role in promoting equitable access to imaging services throughout Latin America. This article explores the implications of the resolution for Brazil, highlighting its leadership and the need to address regional disparities in imaging infrastructure and workforce distribution. On the basis of data from the 2025 Atlas of Radiology in Brazil, the article highlights the unequal distribution of radiologists and imaging equipment, especially in underserved areas. Strategic priorities for regional action are outlined, including workforce development, infrastructure investments, and public policy integration. The Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging is positioned to participate in national efforts, advocating for medical imaging as a public health priority. By aligning national initiatives with global strategies and embracing innovation, Brazil and Latin America can transform diagnostic equity and improve health outcomes.

Keywords: Diagnostic imaging; Delivery of health care/organization & administration; Health personnel/organization & administration; Global health; Health policy; World Health Organization; Radiology/statistics & numerical data; Brazil.

The postmortem diagnosis of drowning is a challenge for forensic medicine. The objective of this review was to list the findings described in reports of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) examinations and autopsies of drowning victims, as well as to show how PMCT facilitates the diagnosis. The PubMed, Google Scholar, the Brazilian Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Office for the Advancement of Higher Education) Journals, and the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) databases were searched. The 17 studies included evaluated a collective total of 726 bodies of drowning victims and 477 bodies of people who died from other causes. Different PMCT protocols were used, some encompassing whole-body scans and others including scans only from the skull to the pelvis, with different slice thicknesses, all without the use of contrast. The finding most commonly described was fluid in the paranasal sinuses, mastoid air cells, and airways, referred to as specific for drowning if frothy, containing dense sediment, or both. A cutoff of 37.77 HU for the density of fluid in the paranasal sinuses was suggested to characterize drowning in salt water. Paltauf spots were detected only at autopsy. Although PMCT has proven to be a useful tool in making this diagnosis, it is too early to predict whether it can replace conventional autopsy. Current limitations include the absence of established protocols, a shortage of forensic radiologists, and low availability of CT scanners at forensic medicine facilities.

Keywords: Drowning; Postmortem imaging; Forensic imaging; Autopsy; Tomography, X-ray computed.

OBJECTIVE: To review the recommended imaging modalities for pre-transplant evaluation in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a narrative review focusing on key imaging techniques employed to assess organ damage and stratify risks prior to HSCT in patients with SCD, including transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), MRI for osteonecrosis evaluation, and MRI-based hepatic iron quantification. Results and discussion: TCD, including blind Doppler and TCD imaging (TCDI), plays a critical role in detecting increased cerebral blood flow velocities associated with stroke risk. Brain MRI/MRA is essential for identifying silent cerebral infarcts and intracranial vasculopathy, even in patients with normal TCDI velocities. Bone MRI allows early detection of osteonecrosis, which is frequently asymptomatic in SCD. Liver MRI, using R2 relaxometry and T2*- weighting, provides accurate quantification of hepatic iron overload, an important risk factor for transplant-related complications. Cardiac MRI, chest computed tomography, and liver ultrasound are also recommended to help stratify pre-HSCT risk and identify organ damage. CONCLUSION: A structured imaging protocol is essential for pre-HSCT assessment in SCD. Radiologists play a pivotal role in identifying subclinical organ damage and providing information critical to transplant candidacy and perioperative management.

Keywords: Anemia, sickle cell; Stem cell transplantation; Magnetic resonance imaging; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Iron overload.

Congenital anomalies of the digestive system, particularly in the esophagus and stomach, present significant challenges to neonatal health due to their complex management and associated risks of morbidity and mortality. This narrative review explores esophageal and gastric anomalies, addressing the embryology, prevalence, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches, with an emphasis on early detection and improved outcomes. Because of recent advances in prenatal imaging, such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance, diagnostic accuracy has increased, allowing better clinical planning and management. Studies reveal that gastrointestinal anomalies account for approximately 20% of congenital malformations globally, having a substantial impact on neonatal health and healthcare systems. This review discusses critical anomalies, including esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, antral stenosis, and antral atresia, with a focus on diagnostic criteria, surgical interventions, and prognostic factors. By highlighting current knowledge and best practices, we aim to underscore the importance of early, accurate diagnosis and continuous follow-up, which can ultimately improve neonatal outcomes and quality of life.

Keywords: Congenital abnormalities; Esophageal atresia; Tracheoesophageal fistula; Pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic; Digestive system abnormalities.

In recent years, noninvasive methods for assessing liver fibrosis have significantly transformed hepatology practices, reducing the need for liver biopsy. Among these, elastography techniques have become widely used tools for staging fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Currently, various modalities are available, including transient elastography, point shear wave elastography, two-dimensional shear wave elastography, and magnetic resonance elastography; the first three are ultrasound-based techniques, whereas the last is a magnetic resonance imaging-based technique. In this context, ultrasound-based liver elastography stands out as a reliable, reproducible method with high accuracy. This narrative review aims to present the technical principles of ultrasound-based shear wave elastography, discuss the factors that influence measurement reliability, and provide practical guidance for result interpretation. The topics addressed include acquisition protocols, methodological limitations, potential confounding factors, and clinically relevant cutoff values. In conclusion, when applied under appropriate indications with adequate technical quality and interpretation, ultrasound-based liver elastography is a valuable, complementary tool for managing chronic liver disease.

Keywords: Elasticity imaging techniques/standards; Ultrasonography; Liver cirrhosis/diagnostic imaging; Liver diseases/diagnostic imaging.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Brazil and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the female population of the country. Despite advances in treatment and the implementation of mammography screening programs, mortality rates have continued to rise. This increase is particularly evident among women under 50 years of age and those 70 years of age or older, groups that account for a substantial proportion of diagnosed cases and registered deaths in the country. Until recently, these age groups were not included in the screening guidelines established by the Brazilian National Ministry of Health, although consistent scientific evidence demonstrates significant benefits of early detection in these populations, including reduced mortality, a higher proportion of early-stage diagnoses, and less aggressive therapeutic interventions. This article analyzes epidemiological data, the socioeconomic impacts of breast cancer, and the scientific evidence regarding mammography screening, discussing the outcomes and limitations of national programs in Brazil. On the basis of that analysis, we advocate for the revision and expansion of public breast cancer screening policies to include women 40–49 and ≥ 70 years of age, as an essential strategy to reduce mortality, improve clinical outcomes, and promote greater equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Brazil.

Keywords: Breast neoplasms; Mammography; Mass screening; Brazil; Middle aged; Aged.

Although lesions of the mandible and maxilla are relatively common findings on imaging examinations, they still pose a diagnostic challenge for radiologists in clinical practice. Many of these lesions share similar radiographic characteristics, making it difficult to differentiate between benign, infectious, and malignant entities, which can delay appropriate management. This article aims to illustrate the main imaging findings and present a systematic approach based on radiological patterns, such as attenuation type, margins, relationship with dental structures, and anatomical distribution, in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis, as well as to guide clinical and therapeutic management.

Keywords: Mandible; Magnetic resonance imaging; Tomography, X-ray computed; Maxilla.