OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of free-breathing magnetic resonance sequence with three excitations in the determination of ventricular volumes and masses in individuals without breathholding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Left ventricular volumes and masses determined in 32 healthy volunteers through two cine magnetic resonance imaging sequences were compared: the first sequence, traditionally utilized and considered as a standard, performed under apnea, with a single excitation, and the second one, with free-breathing and three excitations. Three observers at different levels of experience evaluated the agreement and reproducibility. Intraclass correlation coefficient, paired t-test, Bland-Altman plots and sign test were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS: According to the two most experienced observers, intraclass correlation coefficients were > 0.913, the paired t-test demonstrated P values > 0.05, Bland-Altman plots had differences randomly distributed around zero and the sign test descriptive levels were > 0.05. CONCLUSION: The sequence evaluated presents an excellent agreement and reproducibility as compared with the standard sequence, and can be utilized in patients with respiratory limitations.

Keywords: Heart, Ventricular function, Magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: To compare ventricular systolic parameters on segmented and real-time steady-state free precession cine-MRI sequences and ECG-gated MRI in patients presenting or not with cardiac arrhythmias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ejection fraction and end-diastolic/end-systolic volumes have been compared in 31 patients, 11 presenting with cardiac arrhythmias, and 20 with regular sinus rhythm, using ECG-gated segmented and real-time sequences. The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and Bland-Altman agreement plot, with p < 0.01. RESULTS: Real-time acquisitions demonstrated endocardial borders blurring effects, but both sequences presented a clear, positive correlation: ejection fraction r = 0.94; end-diastolic volume r = 0.93 and end-systolic volume r = 0.98. The assessment of 11 patients with arrhythmias has not demonstrated a statistically significant difference, despite the lower blood pool-myocardial contrast ratio. CONCLUSION: Real-time sequences may be utilized for cardiac function assessment, regardless the patient's cardiac rhythm.

Keywords: Cine-RMI, Ventricular function, Steady-state free precession, Real-time, ECG-gated MRI

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy corresponds to a syndrome characterized by a transient myocardial dysfunction affecting the left ventricular apex that classically occurs after major physical or emotional stress (also called "broken heart syndrome" or "stress-induced cardiomyopathy"). The author describes the case of a patient with takotsubo cardiomyopathy induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Keywords: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Aneurysm; Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Ischemic cardiomyopathy is one of the major health problems worldwide, representing a significant part of mortality in the general population nowadays. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) are noninvasive imaging methods that serve as useful tools in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and may also help in screening individuals with risk factors for developing this illness. Technological developments of CMRI and CCT have contributed to the rise of several clinical indications of these imaging methods complementarily to other investigation methods, particularly in cases where they are inconclusive. In terms of accuracy, CMRI and CCT are similar to the other imaging methods, with few absolute contraindications and minimal risks of adverse side-effects. This fact strengthens these methods as powerful and safe tools in the management of patients. The present study is aimed at describing the role played by CMRI and CCT in the diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathies.

Keywords: Ischemic cardiomyopathy; Heart; Magnetic resonance imaging; Computed tomography.

The coronary artery calcium score plays an Important role In cardiovascular risk stratification, showing a significant association with the medium- or long-term occurrence of major cardiovascular events. Here, we discuss the following: protocols for the acquisition and quantification of the coronary artery calcium score by multidetector computed tomography; the role of the coronary artery calcium score in coronary risk stratification and its comparison with other clinical scores; its indications, interpretation, and prognosis in asymptomatic patients; and its use in patients who are symptomatic or have diabetes.

Keywords: Calcinosis/diagnosis; Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis; Tomography, X-ray computed; Cardiovascular diseases/epidemiology; Coronary artery disease/epidemiology.

Os nervos cranianos representam extensões das estruturas funcionais do cérebro que cruzam a cabeça e o pescoço. Eles estão ligados a diferentes estruturas cranianas e se relacionam com diversas doenças. Uma compreensão profunda de sua complexa anatomia e aparência normal de imagem permite ao examinador identificar e caracterizar com mais precisão as anormalidades. A ressonância magnética com contraste é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar essas estruturas, especialmente as sequências tridimensionais de precessão livre de estado estacionário, que proporcionam alta resolução espacial e de partes moles, apesar da fina espessura dos nervos cranianos. Na maioria dos casos, os achados de imagem são inespecíficos, e uma anamnese completa, exame físico dirigido e testes laboratoriais são necessários para estreitar o diagnóstico diferencial. Este ensaio iconográfico ilustra e discute doenças congênitas, traumáticas e vasculares dos nervos cranianos, mostrando imagens em uma abordagem fisiopatológica.

Keywords: Neuroimagem/métodos; Radiologia/métodos; Ressonância magnética/métodos; Nervos cranianos/diagnóstico por imagem.

Advances in cardiac magnetic resonance have promoted tissue characterization with high spatial and contrast resolution, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences have improved the detection of myocardial fibrosis. The distribution pattern of LGE facilitates differentiation between ischemic and nonischemic etiologies and aids in refining diagnoses within nonischemic cardiomyopathies, suggesting specific etiological factors. A distinctive nonischemic LGE pattern that has recently gained prominence is the ring-like pattern, defined as a subepicardial or mid-wall circumferential or semi-circumferential enhancement, which involves at least three contiguous segments within the same short-axis slice. Initially identified as a diagnostic marker for desmoplakin and filamin C-related cardiomyopathies, the pattern has been reported in nongenetic conditions; nevertheless, it remains an uncommon finding in these diseases. In this article, we aim to present the differential diagnoses of ring-like LGE and its mimics. The combination of epidemiological, clinical, electrocardiographic, and additional features enables a focused refinement of the differential diagnosis associated with ring-like LGE.

Keywords: Cardiomyopathies; Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Gadolinium.