OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating the role of computed tomography in the local clinical staging of supraglottic tumors according to the TNM classification, as well as the interobserver agreement on the detection of the tumor extent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine dossiers of inpatients of Hospital Heliópolis with supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma in the period between 1988 and 1998 were retrospectively evaluated. CT studies were individually analyzed by two radiologists. The kappa test was utilized for evaluating the interobserver agreement. RESULTS: Computed tomography has played a decisive role in the upstaging of 38.5% of cases, as a result of a deep tumor extent undetected at clinical examination. CONCLUSION: Interobserver agreement was considered as excellent for vocal folds and subglottis; good for supraglottic, paraglottic and preepiglottic spaces, thyroid and cricoid cartilages and for extralaryngeal tumor extension; and regular for the base of the tongue.

Keywords: Laryngeal neoplasms, Squamous cell carcinoma, Computed tomography, Tumors staging

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of hepatocellular carcinoma arterial chemoembolization in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver transplantation were submitted to multiple sessions of chemoembolization using mitomycin C and lipiodol. A prospective evaluation of the following factors was performed: a) serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein; b) tumor size; c) maintenance of the viability criteria for hepatic transplantation; d) degree of liver dysfunction. RESULTS: The mean serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein were reduced by 43% during the first 13 months. The mean tumor size, as measured by the long axis, after a mean follow-up period of 13.5 months was 3.2 cm, which is considered stable for the period according to the World Health Organization criteria. The mean survival rate was 14 months. CONCLUSION: In this trial, pre-transplantation use of chemoembolization in combination with an adequately chosen therapy showed few complications and contra-indications as well as a considerable anti-tumor efficacy. Despite the fact that the adopted therapy increased survival rates in comparison to historical evolution data in hepatocellular carcinoma, this increase had not the same dimension if the median waiting time for transplantation is taken into consideration. Therefore, other strategies need to be associated to either make survival rate longer or to reduce transplantation waiting time.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Chemoembolization, Lipiodol

We present a case of a 27-year-old male patient submitted to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of a renal tumor. The radiological features of the mass suggested the diagnosis of a malignant renal tumor of parenchymatous origin. However, the histological findings proved to be a benign solitary fibrous tumor within the pelvis and caliceal portion of the right kidney.

Keywords: Neoplasia, Fibrous tumor, Kidney, Mesothelioma, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging

The melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, also known as progonoma, is a rare benign disease of neural crest origin that occurs within the first year of life and affects mainly the maxilla. The authors report a case of a 10-month-old child presenting with this uncommon tumor in the maxilla, emphasizing the diagnostic findings on computed tomography, and present a literature review.

Keywords: Neoplasia, Neural crest, Maxilla, Infancy, Computed tomography

The authors report the case of a 62-year-old male with a 4 month history of weight loss and a 2 day complaint of weakness and paresthesia on the lower limbs. A computed tomography myelogram revealed a mass in the posterior mediastinum associated with destruction of the vertebral body, spinal canal extension and irregular esophageal wall thickening. The patient was later submitted to a barium esophagogram that showed an irregular filling defect. A biopsy confirmed the presence of a squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first report in the Latin-American literature (Lilacs) of a patient with an esophageal carcinoma with spinal canal extension and spinal cord compression syndrome at initial presentation.

Keywords: Esophageal neoplasms, Spinal cord compression, Carcinoma, Squamous cell. Myelography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of PET/CT in the approach to patients with head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of medical records and PET/CT images of 63 patients with head and neck cancer. RESULTS: Alterations were observed in 76% of the cases. Out of these cases, 7 (11%) were considered as false-positive, with SUV < 5.0. PET/CT demonstrated negative results in 15 cases (24%). Among the 14 cases where the method was utilized for staging, 3 (22%) had their stages changed. CONCLUSION: PET/CT has shown to be of potential value in the routine evaluation of patients with head and neck cancer, but further studies of a higher number of cases are required to define a protocol for utilization of the method.

Keywords: Emission computed tomography; Fluorodeoxyglucose 18F; Head and neck neoplasms; Neoplasm staging; Squamous cell carcinoma.

In the investigation of tumors with conventional magnetic resonance imaging, both quantitative characteristics, such as size, edema, necrosis, and presence of metastases, and qualitative characteristics, such as contrast enhancement degree, are taken into consideration. However, changes in cell metabolism and tissue physiology which precede morphological changes cannot be detected by the conventional technique. The development of new magnetic resonance imaging techniques has enabled the functional assessment of the structures in order to obtain information on the different physiological processes of the tumor microenvironment, such as oxygenation levels, cellularity and vascularity. The detailed morphological study in association with the new functional imaging techniques allows for an appropriate approach to cancer patients, including the phases of diagnosis, staging, response evaluation and follow-up, with a positive impact on their quality of life and survival rate.

Keywords: Cancer imaging; Magnetic resonance imaging; Oncology; Neoplasia; Functional imaging; Diffusion.

Diseases of urachal remnants are uncommon and generally located on the junction of the urachal remnant with the bladder dome. In most cases such diseases correspond to mucinous adenocarcinomas and present hematuria as their most common clinical finding. The authors report the case of a 62-year-old female patient undergoing follow-up due to macroscopic hematuria for three years. Ultrasonography and computed tomography findings are described.

Keywords: Carcinoma; Urachus; Hematuria; Neoplasms of the bladder.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of diagnostic underestimation at stereotactic percutaneous core needle biopsies (CNB) and vacuum-assisted biopsies (VABB) of nonpalpable breast lesions, with histopathological results of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subsequently submitted to surgical excision. As a secondary objective, the frequency of ADH and DCIS was determined for the cases submitted to biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 40 cases with diagnosis of ADH or DCIS on the basis of biopsies performed between February 2011 and July 2013, subsequently submitted to surgery, whose histopathological reports were available in the internal information system. Biopsy results were compared with those observed at surgery and the underestimation rate was calculated by means of specific mathematical equations. RESULTS: The underestimation rate at CNB was 50% for ADH and 28.57% for DCIS, and at VABB it was 25% for ADH and 14.28% for DCIS. ADH represented 10.25% of all cases undergoing biopsy, whereas DCIS accounted for 23.91%. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic underestimation rate at CNB is two times the rate at VABB. Certainty that the target has been achieved is not the sole determining factor for a reliable diagnosis. Removal of more than 50% of the target lesion should further reduce the risk of underestimation.

Keywords: Breast neoplasia; Core needle biopsy; Vacuum-assisted biopsy; Diagnostic techniques and procedures; Noninvasive intraductal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reproducibility and interobserver agreement for R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scoring system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two independent radiologists retrospectively analyzed 46 consecutive patients with renal masses, between 2008 and 2012, using the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score (RENAL-NS), which is based on the evaluation of five anatomical features of the tumor, as evaluated with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging: Radius, Exophytic/endophytic properties, Nearness to the collecting system, Anterior or posterior descriptor, and Location relative to the polar line. Tumor complexity was graded as low, intermediate, or high. The interobserver agreement was calculated for the total score and for the score for each parameter. Surgical excision of the tumors was used as the standard of reference. RESULTS: The interobserver agreement for each of the RENAL-NS parameters, respectively, a hilar location, and the total score was 98%, 80%, 100%, 89%, 85%, 89%, and 93% of patients, corresponding to kappa values of 0.96, 0.65, 1.00, 0.75, 0.72, 0.78, and 0.88, respectively. The Nearness, Radius, and total score showed the best agreement. For the cases that were discordant in terms of the final score, no major implications in surgical planning were observed. CONCLUSION: The RENAL-NS is a structured, useful system to assess the anatomical features of renal tumors. It is easily applicable and reproducible, even for less experienced radiologists.

Keywords: Carcinoma, renal cell; Kidney neoplasms; Neoplasm staging; Computed tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a precursor mammary lesion whose malignant cells do not extend beyond the basement membrane and presents a risk of progression to malignant disease. Its early detection increased with screening mammography. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the main presentations of DCIS on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), through searches of the Medline/PubMed, Latin-American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (Lilacs), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. DCIS can occur in its pure form or in conjunction with invasive disease, in the same lesion, in different foci, or in the contralateral breast. MRI has a high sensitivity for the detection of pure DCIS, being able to identify the non-calcified component, and its accuracy increases with the nuclear grade of the lesion. The most common pattern of presentation is non-nodular enhancement; heterogeneous internal structures; a kinetic curve showing washout or plateau enhancement; segmental distribution; and restricted diffusion. MRI plays an important role in the detection of DCIS, especially in the evaluation of its extent, contributing to more reliable surgical excision and reducing local recurrence.

Keywords: Radiology; Carcinoma, intraductal, noninfiltrating; Magnetic resonance imaging; Breast neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether quantitative computed tomography (CT) measurements can predict microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 200 cases of surgically proven HCCs in 125 consecutive patients evaluated between March 2010 and November 2017. We quantitatively measured regions of interest in lesions and adjacent areas of the liver on unenhanced CT scans, as well as in the arterial, portal venous, and equilibrium phases on contrast-enhanced CT scans. Enhancement profiles were analyzed and compared with histopathological references of MVI. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used in order to evaluate CT parameters as potential predictors of MVI. RESULTS: Of the 200 HCCs, 77 (38.5%) showed evidence of MVI on histopathological analysis. There was no statistical difference between HCCs with MVI and those without, in terms of the percentage attenuation ratio in the portal venous phase (114.7 vs. 115.8) and equilibrium phase (126.7 vs. 128.2), as well as in terms of the relative washout ratio, also in the portal venous and equilibrium phases (15.0 vs. 8.2 and 31.4 vs. 26.3, respectively). CONCLUSION: Quantitative dynamic CT parameters measured in the preoperative period do not appear to correlate with MVI in HCC.

Keywords: Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Tomography, X-ray computed; Liver neoplasms/surgery; Liver transplantation.

Vulvar carcinoma is an uncommon tumor that predominantly affects postmenopausal women. Currently, there is no screening procedure for vulvar carcinoma; in most cases, it is diagnosed only when symptoms appear. The most widely used staging system is that developed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor. We searched the PubMed/Medline database to identify relevant English-language articles on vulvar cancer, with a special focus on its imaging evaluation. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful for local and nodal staging, as well as facilitating the planning of surgical interventions and radiotherapy. Computed tomography or positron-emission tomography/computed tomography can play an important role in nodal and distant disease assessment, whereas ultrasound is often used for image-guided biopsies. Imaging is pivotal for staging and treatment planning in vulvar carcinoma.

Keywords: Vulva; Vulvar neoplasms; Carcinoma; Lymph nodes; Radiology.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant liver tumour and is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advent of screening programmes, most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma are diagnosed late (in an advanced stage) which precludes curative treatments such as surgery and ablation. Therefore, intra-arterial locoregional treatments now play a central role in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, such treatments ranging from trans-arterial chemo-embolisation to the more recently developed trans-arterial radio-embolisation technique. In this essay, we discuss the state of the art of intra-arterial treatment for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and the future directions for such treatment.

Keywords: Carcinoma, hepatocellular/therapy; Fibrosis; Liver/pathology; Medical oncology/methods; Chemoembolization, therapeutic; Liver neoplasms/radiotherapy.

Os nervos cranianos representam extensões das estruturas funcionais do cérebro que cruzam a cabeça e o pescoço. Eles estão ligados a diferentes estruturas cranianas e se relacionam com diversas doenças. Uma compreensão profunda de sua complexa anatomia e aparência normal de imagem permite ao examinador identificar e caracterizar com mais precisão as anormalidades. A ressonância magnética com contraste é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar essas estruturas, especialmente as sequências tridimensionais de precessão livre de estado estacionário, que proporcionam alta resolução espacial e de partes moles, apesar da fina espessura dos nervos cranianos. Na maioria dos casos, os achados de imagem são inespecíficos, e uma anamnese completa, exame físico dirigido e testes laboratoriais são necessários para estreitar o diagnóstico diferencial. Este ensaio iconográfico ilustra e discute doenças congênitas, traumáticas e vasculares dos nervos cranianos, mostrando imagens em uma abordagem fisiopatológica.

Keywords: Neuroimagem/métodos; Radiologia/métodos; Ressonância magnética/métodos; Nervos cranianos/diagnóstico por imagem.