OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating BI-RADS® 3, 4 and 5 categories as positive predictive value for malignancy of non-palpable breast lesions, correlating mammographic and histopathological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the period from July/2005 to March/2008, 371 patients with mammograms classified as BI-RADS categories 3, 4 and 5 were referred to a center of reference in cancer treatment in Terezina, PI, Brazil, for histopathological investigation and had their mammograms reviewed. Among these 371 patients, 265 were submitted to core-biopsy and 106 to preoperative needle localization. RESULTS: Mammograms were classified as follows: 11.32% category 3, 76.28% category 4 and 12.4% category 5. The histopathological studies demonstrated 24% of results positive for malignancy. Positive predictive values for categories 3, 4 and 5 were, respectively, 7.14%, 16.96% and 82.61%. Positive predictive values were separately calculated for core-biopsies (7.14%, 15.76%, and 76.47%) and pre-surgical needle localization (7.14%, 20%, 100%). CONCLUSION: Malignant findings were underestimated, and benign findings were overestimated by mammographic reports, thus resulting in some unnecessary invasive procedures.

Keywords: BI-RADS, Mammography, Cancer, Breast

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the positive predictive value for BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) categories 3, 4 and 5, correlating mammographic and histological diagnosis in non-palpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical-descriptive study of 169 women submitted to stereotactic localization for surgical biopsy of non-palpable breast lesions. Mammographic and histological findings were correlated, analyzing the predictive positive value for each category. RESULTS: Forty-two (24.8%) cases were diagnosed with breast cancer - only one in category 3, 19 in category 4, and 22 in category 5. The positive predictive value for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C and 5 were, respectively, 3.4%, 10.3%, 11.3%, 36% and 91.7%. Microcalcifications were the most frequent finding related to malignancy, present in 61.5% of these cases. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that BI-RADS allows a safe prediction of high suspicion of malignancy in lesions category 5 and low suspicion for category 3. As regards the category 4, the positive predictive value has shown a progressive increase in subcategories A, B and C, demonstrating that this subclassification represents an invaluable contribution for a more detailed and accurate assessment of lesions suspicious for malignancy.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Mammography, BI-RADS, Histological diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography (BI-RADS) in the diagnosis of breast cancer whereas the additional specific objectives are to describe the frequency of different sonographic findings and evaluating interobserver agreement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images of 110 patients who had been referred for biopsy with previous diagnosis of breast nodules were independently reviewed by two specialists according to the BI-RADS classification. Histological findings were utilized as a gold-standard. The accuracy of findings was determined. The chi-squared test for categorical variables was utilized in the analysis of the differences resulting from the groups comparison, and the interobserver agreement was calculated with kappa () statistics. RESULTS: Among 110 breast masses evaluated by ultrasonography, 76 (69%) were benign and 34 (30.9%) were malignant. According to the radiologists, the sensitivity ranged from 70.5% to 82.3%, negative predictive value, from 81.1% to 87.5%, positive predictive value, from 42.1% to 45.1%, specificity from 56.58% to 55.2%, and accuracy from 60.9% to 63.6%. The global interobserver agreement was considered as moderate ( = 0.50). CONCLUSION: The fourth edition of BI-RADS provides radiologists with an accurate clinical decision support system for the diagnosis and management of breast disease.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Ultrasonography, BI-RADS, Anatomopathological, Accuracy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive value of BI-RADS™ categories 3, 4 and 5 in non-palpable breast masses assessed by mammography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with BI-RADS categories 3, 4 and 5 nonpalpable breast masses identified by mammograms were submitted to complementary ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging studies, besides excisional biopsy. In total, 30 biopsies were performed. The lesions as well as their respective BI-RADS classification into 3, 4 and 5 were correlated with the histopathological results. The predictive values calculation was made by means of specific mathematical equations. RESULTS: Negative predictive values for category 3 were: mammography, 69.23%; ultrasound, 70.58%; and magnetic resonance imaging, 100%. Positive predictive values for category 4 were: mammography, 63.63%; ultrasound, 50%; and magnetic resonance imaging, 30.76%. For category 5, positive predictive values were: mammography and ultrasound, 100%; and magnetic resonance imaging, 92.85%. CONCLUSION: For category 3, the negative predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging was high, and for categories 4 and 5, the positive predictive values of the three modalities were moderate.

Keywords: BI-RADS, Breast cancer, Mammography, Predictive value

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature about the positive predictive value of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®) categories 3, 4 and 5. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A research was performed in the online Medline database, entering the terms "predictive value" and "BI-RADS". Eleven studies were included in this review. RESULTS: The positive predictive values ranged respectively between 0% and 8%, 4% and 62%, and 54% and 100% for BI-RADS® categories 3, 4 and 5. Three studies have also evaluated morphological criteria with higher positive predictive value in mammography, mass with spiculated margins being the finding with highest positive predictive value for malignancy. CONCLUSION: A high variability was found in the reviewed literature among positive predictive values of BI-RADS® categories 3, 4 and 5, although methodological differences have been identified, limiting the comparative analysis.

Keywords: Mammography, BI-RADS®, Breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: To present an audit model for mammography results used on the examinations performed at "Centro de Diagnóstico Mamário da Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 1997 and September 1998, 2,000 mammography examinations were performed, 1,570 in asymptomatic women, which results were assessed in this audit. RESULTS: The mammography examinations of the asymptomatic women were classified as follow: category 1 - 1,362 cases; category 2 - 9 cases; category 3 - 95 cases; category 4 - 24 cases; category 5 - 6 cases; category 0 - 74 cases. Out of 199 abnormal examinations (categories 0, 3, 4 and 5), 107 (54%) were followed-up and 92 (46%) were lost to follow-up. The 107 cases included in the study were classified as follows: category 3 - 48 cases; category 4 - 18 cases; category 5 - 4 cases; category 0 - 37 cases. No cases of cancer were detected among the 48 cases in category 3; two cases of cancer were seen among the 18 cases in category 4; all four cases in category 5 were cancer; one case of cancer was seen among the 37 cases in category 0. The audit values obtained were the following: positive predictive value (based on the exam with abnormal result) - 11%; positive predictive value (when there was indication for biopsy) - 31%. The rate of cancer detection in 1,570 women was of seven cases; the sensitivity was 100%; the specificity was 96%; and the recall rate was 4.7%. CONCLUSION: All these results reproduce data from the literature.

Keywords: Audit, Mammography, BI-RADS

The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS™) of the American College of Radiology is a system designed to standardize mammography reports, to reduce breast imaging misinterpretations and to facilitate monitoring of the outcome. OBJECTIVE: To identify the compliance of women and physicians with BI-RADS recommendations in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3,000 women submitted to mammography examinations in a private clinic in Goiânia (January to December, 2002) were evaluated. The mammograms were reported according to BI-RADS classification. Women classified as categories 0, 3, 4 and 5 were followed up by telephone. RESULTS: Women who refused to follow the recommendation: category 0 (11.5%), 3 (13.8%), 4 (28%), 5 (0%). Physician failure to advise the patient to follow the recommendation: category 0 (18.2%), 3 (17%), 4 (20%). Women who complied with BI-RADS recommendation: category 0 (1.8%), 3 (5.7%), 4 (40%), 5 (100%). Contact lost during the follow-up: category 0 (68.5%), 3 (39%), 4 (12%). CONCLUSION: The level of compliance with BI-RADS recommendations was low in categories 0 and 3, and moderate in category 4. About 30% of women classified as category 0 did not undergo additional imaging evaluations either because of their refusal or lack of adequate physician advice.

Keywords: Mammography, Screening, BI-RADS

In a retrospective study, from August 1999 until June 2002, 6,999 consecutive mammograms were analyzed using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS™) guidelines, with the purpose of a regional analysis of mammographic findings in the categories 4 and 5 BI-RADS, which were all recommended to histopathologic study, evaluating the sensibility of this method in these categories, as an indicator of malignancy. The analysis revealed 43.65% (n = 3,055) of negative findings, 47.36% (n = 3,315) of benign lesions, 7.47% (n = 523) of probably benign lesions, 0.87% (n = 61) of suspicious lesions, and 0.64% (n = 45) of highly suspicious lesions. All the patients fitted in the categories 4 (61 patients) and 5 (45 patients) were referred for biopsy. The histopathologic analysis showed 27 patients in category 4 (44.26%) and 27 patients in category 5 (60%): 55.55% (n = 15) of category 4 patients showed malignant lesions; 96.29% (n = 26) of category 5 patients showed malignant lesions. The study demonstrates the high positive predictive value for malignancy in BI-RADS category 5 and the real need for follow-up investigation in BI-RADS category 4.

Keywords: BI-RADS, Mammography

We used the American College of Radiology BI-RADS™ (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) guidelines to perform a regional retrospective analysis of 4,968 mammograms. The frequency of each mammography finding was determined in order to categorize the mammograms into different groups. The analysis of the 4,968 mammograms revealed 44.4% (n = 2,208) of negative findings, 46.3% (n = 2,305) of benign lesions, 7.5% (n = 374) of probably benign lesions, 0.98% (n = 49) of suspicious lesions and 0.72% (n = 36) of highly suspicious lesions. This study also demonstrates the importance of using BI-RADS™ as a standardized report system for mammogram analysis, particularly as a predictor of malignancy and guideline for patient management.

Keywords: BI-RADS, Mammography

Objetivo: A principal utilidade da tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18-fluordeoxiglicose (FDG-PET) está no estadiamento do câncer de pulmão. Porém, ela também pode ser utilizada para diferenciar lesões pulmonares indeterminadas, mas seu impacto na ressecção cirúrgica de lesões benignas é desconhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a prevalência de lesões benignas em toracotomias feitas por suspeição de câncer de pulmão, antes e após a introdução do FDG-PET, em um centro de referência de cirurgia torácica. Materiais e Métodos: Os autores analisaram, prospectivamente, uma base de dados cirúrgicos de todos os pacientes consecutivos submetidos a toracotomia por câncer de pulmão suspeito ou comprovado e compararam a prevalência de lesões benignas em dois grupos ao longo de dois anos consecutivos, respectivamente antes (grupo I) e depois (grupo II) da introdução da FDG-PET. Resultados: Ressecção cirúrgica foi feita em 1.233 pacientes durante o período do estudo. A prevalência de lesões benignas na cirurgia nos grupos I e II foi similar (44/626 e 41/607, ambas correspondendo a 7%), e também no grupo II, entre aqueles submetidos a FDG-PET e os restantes (21/301 e 20/306 respectivamente, ambos correspondendo a 7%). No grupo II, dos 21 pacientes com lesões benignas submetidos a FDG-PET, 19 tiveram um estudo falso-positivo (valor médio padrão de captação 5.3 [faixa 2.6–12.7]). Desses, respectivamente 13 e 4 pacientes tiveram broncoscopia não diagnóstica e biópsia transtorácica percutânea de pulmão antes da toracotomia. Não houve diferença na proporção de lesões benignas diferentes ressecadas entre o grupo I e aqueles submetidos a FDG-PET no grupo II. Conclusão: A introdução da FDG-PET não alterou a proporção de pacientes submetidos a toracotomia por lesões benignas, principalmente devido à avidez pelo isótopo de algumas lesões não malignas. Tais resultados falsos-positivos devem ser considerados nos casos em que se contempla a possibilidade de ressecção cirúrgica em pacientes com câncer de pulmão não confirmado.

Keywords: Tomografia por emissão de pósitrons; Tomografia computadorizada; Pulmão – lesões benignas ou congênitas; Câncer de pulmão – diagnóstico e estadiamento; Câncer de pulmão – cirurgia.

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de médicos residentes em radiologia de 4º ano sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem na investigação de neoplasias e trauma. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte e sete médicos residentes de 4º ano de quatro programas de residência em radiologia americanos participaram do estudo. Aos participantes foi perguntado sobre a melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar o cérebro e a coluna vertebral, pulmões, abdome e o sistema musculoesquelético. As modalidades de imagem disponíveis foram: RM, TC, ultrassonografia, PET e radiografia simples. Todos os achados foram comparados com os Critérios de Adequação de Exames de Imagem e Radioterapia do ACR. Resultados: A RM foi escolhida como melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar neoplasias encefálicas, espinhais, abdominais e musculoesqueléticas por 96,3%, 100%, 70,4% e 63% dos residentes, respectivamente. A TC foi escolhida por 88,9% dos residentes para avaliar neoplasias pulmonares. A modalidade de imagem ótima para se avaliar trauma foi a TC para lesões encefálicas (100%), espinhais (92,6%), pulmonares (96,3%), abdominais (92,6%) e grandes lesões traumáticas musculoesqueléticas (74,1%); a RM foi escolhida para lesões esportivas (96,3%). Observou-se concordância com os critérios de adequação do ACR. Conclusão: Houve concordância entre a percepção dos residentes sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem para avaliação de neoplasias e trauma e os critérios de adequação do ACR.

Keywords: Formação de residentes; Educação médica; Modalidades de imagem.

Objective: To assess the performance of morphometric parameters calculated from breast lesion contours at ultrasonography, in the quantification of morphological features and in the distinction among BI-RADS categories 2, 3, 4 and 5. Materials and Methods: The present casuistry included 40 cases, with orthogonal imaging of patients submitted to surgery. Based on the lesions segmentation, the following five morphometric parameters were calculated: area ratio, overlap ratio, normalized residual value, circularity and depth-to-width ratio. Linear discriminant analysis was applied to select the best parameters, and ROC curve was utilized as figure of merit. Results: Overlap ratio was able to statistically distinguish breast lesions classified as BI-RADS 3 from others classified as BI-RADS 4 (α = 5%; p = 0.015). Additionally, such parameter presented the best performance in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast lesions. Conclusion: These results indicate that morphometric analysis of breast lesions at ultrasonography seems to be helpful in distinguishing patients who should undergo biopsy from those to be followed-up only with imaging methods.

Keywords: Breast ultrasonography; BI-RADS; Computer-assisted image processing; Computer-assisted image interpretation.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a completude das fissuras, resposta radiológica ao tratamento e análise quantitativa por TC (AQTC) em população de pacientes com enfisema grave submetidos ao implante de valvas endobrônquicas (VEB). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados exames de TC multidetectores de 29 pacientes, realizados com protocolo de baixo dose, cortes finos, sem contraste. Dois radiologistas revisaram, retrospectivamente, os exames em consenso. A completude das fissuras foi estimada em escala de 5% e a resposta radiológica (atelectasia/perda volumétrica do lobo alvo) foi avaliada. AQTC foi realizada nos exames pré e pós-tratamento utilizando programa completamente automático. RESULTADOS: Resposta radiológica positiva foi vista em 16/29 pacientes. Os 13 pacientes sem resposta à TC apresentavam fissuras incompletas e completude média das fissuras obliquas de 72,8%, contra 88,3% no outro grupo. Os resultados mais significativos da AQTC mostraram redução do volume pulmonar (VP) total (média de 542 ml), VP tratado (700 ml) e volume de enfisema (331,4 ml) no grupo com resposta positiva, que também apresentou melhora nos testes funcionais. CONCLUSÃO: O benefício das VEB é maior em pacientes com fissuras completas e que desenvolvem atelectasia lobar. Nos pacientes sem resposta radiológica encontramos maior prevalência de fissuras incompletas e grau de incompletude das fissuras. Nossa AQTC automática detectou as alterações pós-tratamento, principalmente considerado a análise do pulmão tratado.

Keywords: Enfisema; Terapia de colapso pulmonar; Tomografia computadorizada.

Os nervos cranianos representam extensões das estruturas funcionais do cérebro que cruzam a cabeça e o pescoço. Eles estão ligados a diferentes estruturas cranianas e se relacionam com diversas doenças. Uma compreensão profunda de sua complexa anatomia e aparência normal de imagem permite ao examinador identificar e caracterizar com mais precisão as anormalidades. A ressonância magnética com contraste é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar essas estruturas, especialmente as sequências tridimensionais de precessão livre de estado estacionário, que proporcionam alta resolução espacial e de partes moles, apesar da fina espessura dos nervos cranianos. Na maioria dos casos, os achados de imagem são inespecíficos, e uma anamnese completa, exame físico dirigido e testes laboratoriais são necessários para estreitar o diagnóstico diferencial. Este ensaio iconográfico ilustra e discute doenças congênitas, traumáticas e vasculares dos nervos cranianos, mostrando imagens em uma abordagem fisiopatológica.

Keywords: Neuroimagem/métodos; Radiologia/métodos; Ressonância magnética/métodos; Nervos cranianos/diagnóstico por imagem.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os padrões tomográficos relacionados aos agentes etiológicos da pneumonia em pacientes durante o primeiro ano após transplante renal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de prontuários de 956 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, no período de 2013 a 2018, em um centro transplantador renal do nordeste do Brasil. Nos pacientes que desenvolveram pneumonia, os agentes etiológicos foram classificados em bactérias piogênicas, micobactérias, fungos, vírus e pneumonia polimicrobiana, enquanto os padrões tomográficos foram classificados em consolidação, broncopneumonia, pneumonia intersticial e nódulos e massas. Para verificar associação estatística entre micro-organismos e padrões tomográficos, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher, com p < 0,001. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 101 casos de pneumonia, dos quais 60 (59,4%) tiveram agente etiológico identificado, sendo as bactérias piogênicas as mais frequentes, detectadas em 22 (36,7%) dos casos. Entre os pacientes com agente causal identificado, o padrão tomográfico predominante foi o de nódulos e massas, identificado em 25 (41,7%) casos. Foi observada associação entre bactérias piogênicas e o padrão de consolidação, fungos com nódulos e massas, bem como entre agentes virais e padrão intersticial. CONCLUSÃO: Foi demonstrada associação estatística entre micro-organismos causadores de pneumonia e padrões tomográficos, informação que pode contribuir para o planejamento da terapia de pacientes transplantados renais.

Keywords: Pneumonia; Transplante de rim; Tomografia computadorizada.