OBJECTIVE: To determine uterine artery resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors developed a prospective longitudinal study with 44 healthy women at their 8th-12th and 22nd gestational weeks. Doppler velocimetry was utilized for evaluating RI and PI of both uterine arteries, with a sample volume of 1 to 2 mm, a 50-70 Hz filter, and an insonation angle < 60°. RESULTS: At 8th-12th gestational weeks, the uterine artery RI and PI were higher than at the 22nd gestational week. At the first trimester uterine artery RI and PI were, respectively, 0.83 ± 0.07 and 2.32 ± 0.79 with a notch, and 0.71 ± 0.16 and 1.61 ± 0.78, without a notch. At the second trimester, uterine artery RI and PI were, respectively, 0.59 ± 0.09 and 1.03 ± 0.32 with a notch, and 0.44 ± 0.09 and 0.63 ± 0.19 without a notch. CONCLUSION: Reference values for uterine arteries RI and PI at the first and second trimesters of pregnancy were established.

Keywords: Doppler effect, Uterine artery, Preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE: To compare sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in deep endometriosis with emphasis on intestinal involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen women aged between 23 and 49 years with clinical suspicion and gynecological signs suggestive of deep endometriosis were submitted to ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for correlation between findings. RESULTS: Ultrasonography detected 40 lesions while magnetic resonance imaging detected 53 lesions in the pelvis. A comparative study has not shown any statistically significant intermethod difference in the detection of lesions (respectively p > 0.19 and p > 0.14). In the rectosigmoid junction, magnetic resonance imaging has detected one (5.6%) lesion, while ultrasonography has detected four lesions (22.2%). In the rectum, ultrasonography has detected eight lesions (44.4%), and magnetic resonance imaging has detected seven lesions (38.9%). CONCLUSION: The intermethod agreement has not been good for lesions in the rectosigmoid junction, considering that ultrasonography has detected a higher number of lesions in this region, but a lower number of lesions in the pelvis as compared with magnetic resonance imaging. The global comparative analysis has demonstrated no statistically significant intermethod difference in the detection of lesions. Low cost, good tolerability and high availability make ultrasonography a valuable diagnostic tool in cases of deep endometriosis.

Keywords: Deep endometriosis, Diagnosis, Transvaginal ultrasonography, Magnetic resonance imaging

First trimester pregnancy abnormalities may be detected by transvaginal ultrasonography at routine examinations or in cases where abnormal vaginal bleeding is present. Threatened miscarriage is frequently observed in the first trimester, occurring in more than one-third of pregnancies. The advent of high-resolution transvaginal ultrasonography has revolutionized the understanding of the pathophysiology and the management of early pregnancy. This method represents an essential tool for determining the pregnancy viability in cases of threatened miscarriage. An expectant approach in the management of miscarriage could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary evacuations of retained products of conception, depending on the adopted criteria.

Keywords: Miscarriage, Pregnancy abnormalities, Transvaginal ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To measure the uterine cervical length by using transvaginal ultrasonography in patients with clinical signs compatible with preterm labor threat, and correlating each individual measurement with spontaneous pregnancy interruption within seven days. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonographic examinations were performed in 72 patients with clinical signs compatible with preterm labor threat. RESULTS: Sensitivity was 90.5%, specificity, 98%, positive predictive value, 95%, and negative predictive value, 96%. A standard uterine cervix length of 15 mm was considered as a predictive value for preterm labor. CONCLUSION: It seems to be possible to foresee preterm delivery in patients whose cervical length is < 15 mm. Such observation could contribute to a timely corticosteroid administration to accelerate fetal lung maturity.

Keywords: Transvaginal ultrasonography, Preterm labor, Uterine cervical length, Preterm labor diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To estimate which is the best period to realize uterine artery Doppler for the prediction of pregnancy complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 45 women without a history of chronic diseases and in their first pregnancy. The uterine artery Doppler was performed between the pregnancy weeks 18-20, 24-26, 28-30 and 34-36, with determination of the resistance index, the pulsatility index, the A/B ratio and presence or absence of notch on the flow velocity waveform, as well as the result of the pregnancy. RESULTS: The Doppler index showed decrease in the course of the pregnancy, more pronounced in the normal pregnancies in comparison with the complicated pregnancies. This was most noticed in the examinations performed between the weeks 24-26. The best sensitivity/specificity relation for detecting pregnancy complications was achieved in the examination performed in this same period. CONCLUSION: The best period to perform uterine artery Doppler for prediction of pregnancy complications is between weeks 24-26 of gestation.

Keywords: Doppler, Uterine artery, Preeclampsia, Intrauterine growth restriction

The measurement of cervical length utilizing transvaginal ultrasound is of help for pregnant women screening for premature labor, the shortening of the cervix being a predictor of higher risk of preterm delivery. Traditional methods for evaluating the uterine cervix during pregnancy are limited and unsatisfactory. Digital examination of cervix, considered as the standard method, demonstrates large variation among different examiners; on the other hand, transvaginal sonography is an effective method of examination during pregnancy. Recently, three-dimensional ultrasound has been used in the clinical practice including the study of uterine cervix. The three-dimensional technology allows acquisition and storage of a large volume of data. Such stored information can be reformatted and analyzed through an unlimited number of planes. The three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound is the unique imaging method capable of obtaining a true coronal plane by direct correlation of the views in a multiplanar display. This method seems to offer a diagnostic potential because of the cervical ultrasonography increased accuracy.

Keywords: Uterine cervix, Pregnancy, Three-dimensional ultrasonography

The purpose of this study is to describe the normal findings of the newborn chest radiography, the criteria utilized for evaluating the quality radiographs and the correct catheter and tube positions, emphasizing the peculiarities inherent to the patient's age. In the neonatal period changes in the fetal circulation contribute to an increase in cardiac size, skin folds and variations in the thymic silhouette may simulate diseases, the evaluation of catheter and tube positions avoids iatrogenic complications, the abdominal gas pattern must be correlated with the patient's age and the presence of the secondary ossifications centers in the upper humerus and scapula is associated with the term newborn, providing a radiological sign for normal skeletal maturation. The knowledge of the peculiarities and normal radiological findings of the newborn chest radiography avoids ambiguous diagnosis, reduces iatrogenic complications and represents a valuable support in the diagnosis and clinical follow-up of these patients.

Keywords: Newborn, Normal findings, Chest radiography

OBJECTIVE: To verify if different morphological ultrasonographic markers such as the funneling sign and the cervical gland area can be predictors of spontaneous premature delivery in pregnant women between 21 and 24 weeks of gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 361 women with 21 to 24 weeks of gestation were examined by transvaginal ultrasonography. The gestational age at delivery was later checked by telephone or mail. RESULTS: Spontaneous preterm delivery (SPD) occurred in 5% of the patients. Cervical funneling occurred in 4.2% of the women and in 22.2% of those who had SPD. This finding was correlated to preterm delivery (p < 0.001; relative risk of 6.68). Absence of a hypoechoic area peripheral to the cervical canal consistent with endocervical epithelium glands, namely endocervical glandular echo (EGE) feature, was detected in 2.8% of all patients and in 44.4% of those who developed spontaneous preterm labor. There was a statistically significant association of this feature to SPD (p < 0.001; relative risk of 28.57). Multivariance logistic regression analysis showed that this was the feature with strongest correlation with SPD, when compared to cervical funneling. CONCLUSION: Prediction of SPD through ultrasound features should observe biometrical and morphological signs such as absence of EGE. This is a new and important ultrasound finding that can be considered a predictor of risk for SPD, and should be confirmed in future multicentric trials.

Keywords: Cervical gland area, Pregnancy, Preterm delivery, Transvaginal ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of geographic miss on conventional radiotherapy planning of patients with cervical cancer, using magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were studied. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis was performed after clinical staging. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were compared with the classic fields described for the "box" technique. Target volume within less than 1 cm margins of the fields' limits was considered as geographic miss. RESULTS: Classical radiation field limits were inadequate in 24 cases (75%), all in the anterior (46%) or posterior (40%) border of the lateral fields. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance detected a high probability of geographic miss on conventional radiotherapy planning in this population, both in initial and advanced stages of the disease.

Keywords: Uterine cervix cancer, Radiotherapy, Magnetic resonance imaging

PURPOSE: To report the initial clinical experience after the treatment of 100 women suffering of symptomatic fibroids who were submitted to uterine artery embolization as the main form of treatment. We also present an extensive review of literature on the subject in order to determine the indications and contra-indications, and the possible complications of this method.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred patients with symptomatic fibroids were submitted to uterine artery embolization as the main form of treatment. The main symptoms that justified the intervention were increased menstrual flow in 79 patients and pain related to the fibroids in 21 patients. Diagnosis was made using ultrasound alone in 75 patients and ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in 25 patients. The mean uterine volume measured using these imaging methods was 487cm³. The procedure was performed in two Institutions: 56 procedures in a public Institution in patients attended by the public health system, and 46 patients with health insurance treated in a private clinic. Seventy-six patients were followed clinically during 12 weeks after uterine embolization.
RESULTS: The procedure was done with success in 97% of cases using a conventional technique. Clinical follow-up after 12 weeks showed symptomatic improvement in over 90% of the patients. Reductions of the uterine volume of up to 52% were also observed. No relevant technical and/or clinical complications were seen.
CONCLUSION: Uterine artery embolization for the treatment of symptomatic fibroids is a simple, efficient and safe procedure.

Keywords: Fibroids; Uterine embolization; Gynecologic neoplasm; Menorrhagia.

Objective: To comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and sonohysterography (SHG) in the assessment of endometrial diseases in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 30 patients, aged from 29 to 71 years, 21 (70%) of them premenopausal and 9 (30%) postmenopausal. Saline solution (at 9%) was utilized as contrast agent for SHG. The MacNemar test was utilized for comparison of diagnostic studies. Results: Hysteroscopy diagnosed 18 cases (60%) of intracavitary alterations, and 10 polyps (33.3%). TVUS demonstrated 83.3% sensitivity and specificity, and SHG showed 94.4% sensitivity and 91.6% specificity. The MacNemar test showed similar sensitivity (p = 0.500) and specificity (p = 1.000) between TVUS and SHG in the detection of endometrial diseases. In the diagnosis of polyp, SHG showed the highest sensitivity (90.9% vs. 27.3%; p = 0.016) with similar specificity (89.5% vs. 94.7%; p = 1.000). Conclusion: SHG and TVUS present a good predictive value for endometrial diseases in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. SHG and TVUS present similar sensitivity and specificity in the detection of such diseases, but SHG is more sensitive in the detection of polyps.

Keywords: Transvaginal ultrasonography; Sonohysterography; Hysteroscopy; Abnormal uterine bleeding.

Objective: To evaluate the possible repercussions of the previous cesarean scar at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks. Materials and Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study including 45 women between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, divided into three groups: 17 pregnant women with uterine scar resulting from a previous elective cesarean section (group A); 14 with uterine scar resulting from a previous cesarean section performed during labor (group B); and 14 pregnant women with a single previous vaginal delivery (group C). Uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry was performed with transabdominal approach. Means, medians and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each group in the study. The groups comparison regarding pulsatility index was performed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: In group A, the pulsatility index ranged from 0.60 to 1.60 (mean: 0.90; SD: 0.29), in group B, from 0.53 to 1.43 (mean: 0.87; SD: 0.24), and in group C, from 0.65 to 1.65 (mean: 1.01; SD: 0.37); with p = 0.6329. Conclusion: No repercussion of previous cesarean scar was observed at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry performed in the period between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks.

Keywords: Pregnancy; Uterine scar; Previous cesarean section; Uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry.

Uterine arteriovenous malformations may cause life-threatening abnormal genital bleeding in women at childbearing age. Transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography is a widely available, noninvasive and excellent diagnostic method. The authors report the case of a patient with history of gestational trophoblastic disease and multiple curettage procedures who developed uterine arteriovenous malformations, with remission of the lesions after treatment with methotrexate.

Keywords: Arteriovenous malformations; Doppler; Abnormal genital bleeding.

The authors review the main concepts regarding the importance of cleaning/disinfection of ultrasonography probes, aiming a better comprehension by practitioners and thus enabling strategies to establish a safe practice without compromising the quality of the examination and the operator productivity. In the context of biosafety, it is imperative to assume that contact with blood or body fluids represents a potential source of infection. Thus, in order to implement cleaning/disinfection practice, it is necessary to understand the principles of infection control, to consider the cost/benefit ratio of the measures to be implemented, and most importantly, to comprehend that such measures will not only benefit the health professional and the patient, but the society as a whole.

Keywords: Ultrasonography; Transvaginal transducer; Cleaning; Disinfection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of using highly compressible calibrated microspheres in uterine artery embolization (UAE) for the treatment of uterine fibroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter study. Thirty-two women with symptomatic uterine fibroids were selected for UAE between January 2019 and March 2020. The participants completed the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life (UFS-QOL) questionnaire, underwent contrast-enhanced pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and were submitted to anti-Müllerian hormone measurement, subsequently undergoing UAE with Embosoft microspheres. After six months, the patients again completed the UFS-QOL questionnaire and underwent pelvic MRI. RESULTS: The most common symptoms were abnormal uterine bleeding (in 81.3% of the cases), pelvic pain (in 81.3%), and compression (in 46.9%). Of the 32 patients evaluated, 12 (37.5%) had anemia due to abnormal uterine bleeding. Thirty patients completed the study. Among those patients, we observed median reductions of 21.4% in uterine volume and 15.9% in dominant fibroid volume. We identified no adverse events that could be attributed to the material itself, although there were events attributed to the UAE procedure in general. CONCLUSION: For the treatment of uterine fibroids, UAE using Embosoft microspheres shows satisfactory results, providing reductions in uterine and dominant fibroid volumes, with a low rate of adverse events, and improving patient quality of life, as well as demonstrating safety and efficacy.

Keywords: Leiomyoma; Uterine artery; Uterine artery embolization; Microspheres.