OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of uterine artery Doppler and maternal serum screening in the prediction of pregnancy complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study with 49 primigravidae at their 18th gestational week, when a blood sample was collected for serum dosage by chemiluminescence (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and nitric oxide) and radioimmunoassay (atrial natriuretic peptide). Uterine artery Doppler was performed between the 24th and 26th gestational weeks, for determining the presence or absence of notch in the flow velocity waveform. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was utilized for statistical analysis, and the Fisher exact test for analysis of qualitative parameters. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 8.3%, 97.0%, 50.0% and 74.4% for alpha-fetoprotein; 8.3%, 87.9%, 20.0% and 72.5% for human chorionic gonadotropin; 16.7%, 97.0%, 33.3% and 76.2% for atrial natriuretic peptide; and 16.7%, 93.9%, 50.0% and 75.6% for nitric oxide. The uterine artery Doppler sensitivity was 75.0%, specificity 63.6%, positive predictive value 57.1%, and negative predictive value 87.5%. CONCLUSION: Uterine artery Doppler is an effective method for prediction of pregnancy complications as compared with maternal serum screening in low risk populations.

Keywords: Doppler, Serum screening, Preeclampsia, Complications, Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of double reading on routine screening mammography for the detection of breast cancer in a non-academic environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During one year, 22,024 screening mammograms of asymptomatic women were submitted to independent double reading by two radiologists specialized in breast imaginology. Data analyzed were the number of additional carcinomas found after a second reading and the absolute number of recalls on account of the second reading. RESULTS: Nine additional carcinomas were detected after the second reading: 55.5% were ductal carcinoma in situ and the remainder were ductal invasive carcinomas up to 1.5 cm. Our absolute recall rate generated by the double reading was only 1.8%, with a percentage of false-positive findings of 98%. CONCLUSION: Double reading increased cancer detection rate by 8.5% and all tumors detected were stage 0 or 1.

Keywords: Screening mammography, Breast cancer detection, Double reading

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main sources of information on breast cancer used by women; to determine whether there is an association between the use of specific sources and the education level or income of these women; to determine how women evaluate their own knowledge about breast cancer (self-evaluation); to determine whether this self-evaluation has affected the habit of doing breast self-examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred and thirty-one women, aged 20 years or older, were randomly interviewed in a private hospital in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. RESULTS: Television was pointed out as the main source of information on breast cancer (26.5%) regardless of education level or income, followed by magazines (16.8%), talking to other people (16.2%), physicians (15.8%), newspapers (12.2%), radio (8.4%) and internet (3.9%). A chi-square test indicated association between the four most used sources of information on breast cancer and the education level and family income. CONCLUSION: Interviewed women pointed out television as their main source of information on breast cancer. Eighty-three percent of the women deemed to have average or good knowledge about breast cancer. Women who considered themselves as having good knowledge about breast cancer were more prone to perform breast self-examination at appropriate intervals.

Keywords: Breast neoplasms, Detection, Screening

The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS™) of the American College of Radiology is a system designed to standardize mammography reports, to reduce breast imaging misinterpretations and to facilitate monitoring of the outcome. OBJECTIVE: To identify the compliance of women and physicians with BI-RADS recommendations in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3,000 women submitted to mammography examinations in a private clinic in Goiânia (January to December, 2002) were evaluated. The mammograms were reported according to BI-RADS classification. Women classified as categories 0, 3, 4 and 5 were followed up by telephone. RESULTS: Women who refused to follow the recommendation: category 0 (11.5%), 3 (13.8%), 4 (28%), 5 (0%). Physician failure to advise the patient to follow the recommendation: category 0 (18.2%), 3 (17%), 4 (20%). Women who complied with BI-RADS recommendation: category 0 (1.8%), 3 (5.7%), 4 (40%), 5 (100%). Contact lost during the follow-up: category 0 (68.5%), 3 (39%), 4 (12%). CONCLUSION: The level of compliance with BI-RADS recommendations was low in categories 0 and 3, and moderate in category 4. About 30% of women classified as category 0 did not undergo additional imaging evaluations either because of their refusal or lack of adequate physician advice.

Keywords: Mammography, Screening, BI-RADS

OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics of physicians in the State of Goiás, Brazil, regarding patient management, beliefs, opinions and knowledge about breast cancer. MATERIALS END METHODS: A total of 592 questionnaires were mailed to gynecologists, mastologists and geriatricians. The survey covered the following main aspects: 1 - socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, year of graduation, private or public practice); 2 - ability to recognize breast cancer risk factors; 3 - implementation of educational activities for the patients; 4 - perception of obstacles to breast cancer screening; 5 - generic questions. RESULTS: The total number of answered questionnaires was 105 (21.2%); 70.5% were male physicians; mean age was 43.9 years (26-70 years); 73.5% had 20 years or less of graduation; 88.6% were gynecologists, 4.8% gynecologists/mastologists, 3.8% mastologists and 2.8% geriatricians; 62.5% were practicing in private and public clinics. Only 13.3% of the physicians recognized the five breast cancer risk factors presented. Approximately 95% of the physicians attended continuing medical education courses in the last two years previous to the survey. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer screening guidelines seemed to be misleading for most physicians. The answers regarding educational activities were sometimes contradictory. The beliefs and opinions regarding breast cancer screening were strongly positive. Insufficient number of equipments and the high cost of the tests were pointed out as obstacles to breast cancer screening.

Keywords: Mammography, Screening, Breast cancer

We studied the profile of 2,000 women who were submitted to mammography studies at a public hospital and at a private clinic in the city of Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Data were collected through interviews. The mean age of the women was 49 years. Most women resided in the city, 11.5% had not breastfed whereas two thirds had breastfed for more than 6 months. Hormone-replacement therapy was used by over 20% of the women, of which one fifth had never been submitted to a mammography study. Family history of breast cancer was reported in 13.3% of the women examined at the public hospital and in 7.5% of the women examined at the private clinic. Of these, 28.67% and 33.33%, respectively, had never been submitted to a mammography study before. Screening for cancer was the main cause that motivated the exam. A great number of the interviewed women had not been submitted to a mammography study due to the lack of a medical request, or simply because they considered it unnecessary at the time of request.

Keywords: Mammography, Breast cancer, Screening

Objetivo: A principal utilidade da tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18-fluordeoxiglicose (FDG-PET) está no estadiamento do câncer de pulmão. Porém, ela também pode ser utilizada para diferenciar lesões pulmonares indeterminadas, mas seu impacto na ressecção cirúrgica de lesões benignas é desconhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a prevalência de lesões benignas em toracotomias feitas por suspeição de câncer de pulmão, antes e após a introdução do FDG-PET, em um centro de referência de cirurgia torácica. Materiais e Métodos: Os autores analisaram, prospectivamente, uma base de dados cirúrgicos de todos os pacientes consecutivos submetidos a toracotomia por câncer de pulmão suspeito ou comprovado e compararam a prevalência de lesões benignas em dois grupos ao longo de dois anos consecutivos, respectivamente antes (grupo I) e depois (grupo II) da introdução da FDG-PET. Resultados: Ressecção cirúrgica foi feita em 1.233 pacientes durante o período do estudo. A prevalência de lesões benignas na cirurgia nos grupos I e II foi similar (44/626 e 41/607, ambas correspondendo a 7%), e também no grupo II, entre aqueles submetidos a FDG-PET e os restantes (21/301 e 20/306 respectivamente, ambos correspondendo a 7%). No grupo II, dos 21 pacientes com lesões benignas submetidos a FDG-PET, 19 tiveram um estudo falso-positivo (valor médio padrão de captação 5.3 [faixa 2.6–12.7]). Desses, respectivamente 13 e 4 pacientes tiveram broncoscopia não diagnóstica e biópsia transtorácica percutânea de pulmão antes da toracotomia. Não houve diferença na proporção de lesões benignas diferentes ressecadas entre o grupo I e aqueles submetidos a FDG-PET no grupo II. Conclusão: A introdução da FDG-PET não alterou a proporção de pacientes submetidos a toracotomia por lesões benignas, principalmente devido à avidez pelo isótopo de algumas lesões não malignas. Tais resultados falsos-positivos devem ser considerados nos casos em que se contempla a possibilidade de ressecção cirúrgica em pacientes com câncer de pulmão não confirmado.

Keywords: Tomografia por emissão de pósitrons; Tomografia computadorizada; Pulmão – lesões benignas ou congênitas; Câncer de pulmão – diagnóstico e estadiamento; Câncer de pulmão – cirurgia.

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de médicos residentes em radiologia de 4º ano sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem na investigação de neoplasias e trauma. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte e sete médicos residentes de 4º ano de quatro programas de residência em radiologia americanos participaram do estudo. Aos participantes foi perguntado sobre a melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar o cérebro e a coluna vertebral, pulmões, abdome e o sistema musculoesquelético. As modalidades de imagem disponíveis foram: RM, TC, ultrassonografia, PET e radiografia simples. Todos os achados foram comparados com os Critérios de Adequação de Exames de Imagem e Radioterapia do ACR. Resultados: A RM foi escolhida como melhor modalidade de imagem para se avaliar neoplasias encefálicas, espinhais, abdominais e musculoesqueléticas por 96,3%, 100%, 70,4% e 63% dos residentes, respectivamente. A TC foi escolhida por 88,9% dos residentes para avaliar neoplasias pulmonares. A modalidade de imagem ótima para se avaliar trauma foi a TC para lesões encefálicas (100%), espinhais (92,6%), pulmonares (96,3%), abdominais (92,6%) e grandes lesões traumáticas musculoesqueléticas (74,1%); a RM foi escolhida para lesões esportivas (96,3%). Observou-se concordância com os critérios de adequação do ACR. Conclusão: Houve concordância entre a percepção dos residentes sobre as melhores modalidades de imagem para avaliação de neoplasias e trauma e os critérios de adequação do ACR.

Keywords: Formação de residentes; Educação médica; Modalidades de imagem.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a perfusão miocárdica de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e tipo 2 (DM2) assintomáticos, sem diagnóstico prévio de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) ou acidente vascular cerebral. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e nove pacientes consecutivos (16 DM1, 43 DM2) foram submetidos a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com sestamibi-^99mTc (CPM). Foram avaliados quanto ao índice de massa corpórea, controle metabólico do diabetes, dislipidemia, terapia para o diabetes, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, nefropatia, retinopatia, neuropatia periférica, tabagismo e história familiar de DAC. RESULTADOS: CPM foi anormal em 25,4%: 12 (20,3%) com alterações de perfusão e 3 com disfunção ventricular esquerda isolada. Os mais fortes preditores de perfusão miocárdica anormal foram: idade igual ou maior a 60 anos (p = 0,017, odds ratio [OR] = 6,0), neuropatia periférica (p = 0,028, OR = 6,1), nefropatia (p = 0,031, OR = 5,6) e ECG de esforço positivo para isquemia (p = 0,049, OR = 4,08). CONCLUSÃO: A isquemia miocárdica silenciosa ocorre em mais de um em cada cinco diabéticos assintomáticos. Os mais fortes preditores de isquemia foram: idade avançada, neuropatia periférica, nefropatia, retinopatia e ECG de esforço positivo para isquemia.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica; Isquemia miocárdica silenciosa; Doença arterial coronariana.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a completude das fissuras, resposta radiológica ao tratamento e análise quantitativa por TC (AQTC) em população de pacientes com enfisema grave submetidos ao implante de valvas endobrônquicas (VEB). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados exames de TC multidetectores de 29 pacientes, realizados com protocolo de baixo dose, cortes finos, sem contraste. Dois radiologistas revisaram, retrospectivamente, os exames em consenso. A completude das fissuras foi estimada em escala de 5% e a resposta radiológica (atelectasia/perda volumétrica do lobo alvo) foi avaliada. AQTC foi realizada nos exames pré e pós-tratamento utilizando programa completamente automático. RESULTADOS: Resposta radiológica positiva foi vista em 16/29 pacientes. Os 13 pacientes sem resposta à TC apresentavam fissuras incompletas e completude média das fissuras obliquas de 72,8%, contra 88,3% no outro grupo. Os resultados mais significativos da AQTC mostraram redução do volume pulmonar (VP) total (média de 542 ml), VP tratado (700 ml) e volume de enfisema (331,4 ml) no grupo com resposta positiva, que também apresentou melhora nos testes funcionais. CONCLUSÃO: O benefício das VEB é maior em pacientes com fissuras completas e que desenvolvem atelectasia lobar. Nos pacientes sem resposta radiológica encontramos maior prevalência de fissuras incompletas e grau de incompletude das fissuras. Nossa AQTC automática detectou as alterações pós-tratamento, principalmente considerado a análise do pulmão tratado.

Keywords: Enfisema; Terapia de colapso pulmonar; Tomografia computadorizada.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of diagnostic centers in the classification of mammography reports from an opportunistic screening undertaken by the Brazilian public health system (SUS) in the municipality of Goiânia, GO, Brazil in 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present ecological study analyzed data reported to the Sistema de Informação do Controle do Câncer de Mama (SISMAMA) (Breast Cancer Management Information System) by diagnostic centers involved in the mammographic screening developed by the SUS. Based on the frequency of mammograms per BI-RADS^®category and on the limits established for the present study, the authors have calculated the rate of conformity for each diagnostic center. Diagnostic centers with equal rates of conformity were considered as having equal performance. RESULTS: Fifteen diagnostic centers performed mammographic studies for SUS and reported 31,198 screening mammograms. The performance of the diagnostic centers concerning BI-RADS classification has demonstrated that none of them was in conformity for all categories, one center presented conformity in five categories, two centers, in four categories, three centers, in three categories, two centers, in two categories, four centers, in one category, and three centers with no conformity. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrate unevenness in the diagnostic centers performance in the classification of mammograms reported to SISMAMA from the opportunistic screening undertaken by SUS.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Screening programs; Mammography; Information systems; Health services.

OBJECTIVE: Undertaking of a complete audit of the service of mammography, as recommended by BI-RADS^®, in a private reference institution for breast cancer diagnosis in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and comparison of results with those recommended by the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, analytical and cross-sectional study including 8,000 patients submitted to mammography in the period between April 2010 and March 2011, whose results were subjected to an internal audit. The patients were followed-up until December 2012. RESULTS: The radiological classification of 7,249 screening mammograms, according to BI-RADS, was the following: category 0 (1.43%), 1 (7.82%), 2 (80.76%), 3 (8.35%), 4 (1.46%), 5 (0.15%) and 6 (0.03%). The breast cancer detection ratio was 4.8 cases per 1,000 mammograms. Ductal carcinoma in situ was found in 22.8% of cases. Positive predictive values for categories 3, 4 and 5 were 1.3%, 41.3% and 100%, respectively. In the present study, the sensitivity of the method was 97.1% and specificity, 97.4%. CONCLUSION: The complete internal audit of a service of mammography is essential to evaluate the quality of such service, which reflects on an early breast cancer detection and reduction of mortality rates.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Mammographic screening; BI-RADS; Audit of mammography service; Percutaneous biopsy; Positive predictive value.

OBJECTIVE: To present the current recommendations for breast cancer screening in Brazil, as devised by the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Breast Disease Society, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecological and Obstetrical Associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed scientific studies available in the Medline and Lilacs databases. In the absence of evidence, the recommendations reflected the consensus of a panel of experts. RECOMMENDATIONS: Annual mammography screening is recommended for women 40–74 years of age. Among women ≥ 75 years of age, annual mammography screening should be reserved for those with an expected survival > 7 years. Complementary ultrasound should be considered for women with dense breasts. Complementary magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for women at high risk. When available, an advanced form of mammography known as tomosynthesis can be considered as a means of screening for breast cancer.

Keywords: Breast cancer screening; Mammography; Ultrasound; Magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the main technical limitations of automated breast ultrasound and to determine the proportion of examinations excluded. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 440 automated breast ultrasound examinations performed, over a 12-month period, by technicians using an established protocol. RESULTS: In five cases (1.1%), the examination was deemed unacceptable for diagnostic purposes, those examinations therefore being excluded. CONCLUSION: Automated breast ultrasound is expected to overcome some of the major limitations of conventional ultrasound in breast cancer screening. In Brazil, this new method can be accepted for inclusion in routine clinical practice only after its advantages have been validated in the national context.

Keywords: Ultrasonography, mammary/methods; Breast neoplasms/diagnostic imaging; Breast density; Early detection of cancer/methods; Mass screening/methods.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os padrões tomográficos relacionados aos agentes etiológicos da pneumonia em pacientes durante o primeiro ano após transplante renal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de prontuários de 956 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, no período de 2013 a 2018, em um centro transplantador renal do nordeste do Brasil. Nos pacientes que desenvolveram pneumonia, os agentes etiológicos foram classificados em bactérias piogênicas, micobactérias, fungos, vírus e pneumonia polimicrobiana, enquanto os padrões tomográficos foram classificados em consolidação, broncopneumonia, pneumonia intersticial e nódulos e massas. Para verificar associação estatística entre micro-organismos e padrões tomográficos, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher, com p < 0,001. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 101 casos de pneumonia, dos quais 60 (59,4%) tiveram agente etiológico identificado, sendo as bactérias piogênicas as mais frequentes, detectadas em 22 (36,7%) dos casos. Entre os pacientes com agente causal identificado, o padrão tomográfico predominante foi o de nódulos e massas, identificado em 25 (41,7%) casos. Foi observada associação entre bactérias piogênicas e o padrão de consolidação, fungos com nódulos e massas, bem como entre agentes virais e padrão intersticial. CONCLUSÃO: Foi demonstrada associação estatística entre micro-organismos causadores de pneumonia e padrões tomográficos, informação que pode contribuir para o planejamento da terapia de pacientes transplantados renais.

Keywords: Pneumonia; Transplante de rim; Tomografia computadorizada.