OBJECTIVE: To correlate the signals and symptoms observed on clinical examination of patients with temporomandibular disorder with the results demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients presenting with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders underwent clinical evaluation and subsequent magnetic resonance imaging. The magnetic resonance imaging studies were independently evaluated by two experienced radiologists. Magnetic resonance imaging studies consisted of 12 images in coronal, T1-weighted sequences with 3 mm-thick slices with the mouth closed, sagittal, T1- and T2-weighted sequences with both open and closed mouth positions, and on progressive opening/closing movement at 5 mm intervals, in order to demonstrate the full mandibular movement. The statistical significance between the clinical findings in the evaluation of the patients and results found on the magnetic resonance imaging studies was analyzed by means the kappa test. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was respectively 56.7% (kappa = 0.1) and 56.7 (kappa = 0) for the left and right sides. CONCLUSION: No correlation was found between the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the diagnoses of disc displacement.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Temporomandibular joint, Disorders

The authors present a case of a 2-month-old infant affected by the recessive form of chondrodysplasia punctata, a rare condition radiologically characterized by severe proximal shortening and anomalous ossification (epiphyseal stippling) of the limbs. Clinical and radiological findings as well as main differential diagnoses are emphasized on the basis of data originating from a brief literature review.

Keywords: Chondrodysplasia punctata, Bone dysplasia, Peroxisomal disorders

OBJECTIVE: To describe the different presentations of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in a revisional study of 14 computed tomography exams. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors have selected 14 cases of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia attended at the Head & Neck Surgery/Otorhinolaryngology Service and Diagnostic Imaging Service of "Hospital Heliópolis", São Paulo, SP, Brazil, between 1991 and 2002. Three of the following most relevant tomographic findings were analyzed: number of bones affected, predominant radiological presentation and the disease uni- or bilaterality. RESULTS: A predominance of a mixed pattern was observed in relation to the disease presentation. Also, contiguous involvement of two or more bones was observed as well as equivalence between cases of unilateral and bilateral craniofacial involvement, possibly due the fact that most patients presented the monostotic type of fibrous dysplasia. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of tomographic features of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia is of paramount importance for surgical planning and post-treatment follow-up.

Keywords: Fibrous dysplasia of bone, Skull, Face, Facial bones, X-ray computed tomography

We report a case of Camurati-Engelmann disease in a 32-year-old male patient. This patient was submitted to radiological evaluation including plain X-rays, bone scintigraphy and computed tomography, which showed typical findings of this syndrome and uncommon aspects seen only in cases of severe bone involvement.

Keywords: Camurati-Engelmann disease, Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia

The authors report a case of congenital hydrocolpos due to vaginal malformation (vaginal septae) associated with ectopic ureter and renal displasia. Several imaging diagnostic procedures (ultrasonography, nuclear medicine, intravenous urography and computed tomography) were performed. A review of the literature on hydrocolpos and its association with urinary malformations is also presented.

Keywords: Hydrocolpos, Vaginal malformation, Renal displasia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate work-related musculoskeletal symptoms, and personal and professional activities of ultrasonographist physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one physicians answered a questionnaire and were interviewed regarding personal and professional activities and the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms. Data were analyzed using variation coefficient, Spearman R and Student t tests. A nonlinear logistic regression equation based on the probability of discomfort was applied to evaluate the interaction among significant variables. RESULTS: The results indicated a high prevalence rate (85%) of symptoms among physicians. Pain on the upper limbs and back pain were observed in 50% and 39% of the cases, respectively. Several risks were identified such as high daily working load influencing the presence of pain, high cognitive demand, and frequent stress in the routine activity of ultrasonographist physicians. The regression analysis showed high probability of occurrence of injuries when all variables occurred together (r = 0,97). CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that ultrasonography working activity is a risk to the musculoskeletal system.

Keywords: Ultrasonographer, Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms, Work-related musculoskeletal disorders

Defecography is a valuable imaging method to assess changes within the pelvis and rectum during evacuation. Therefore, it has been extensively used to evaluate colorectal complaints such as constipation, dyschezia, faecal incontinence, interrupted defecation, anorectal pain and others. Furthermore, the technique can be used to evaluate the postoperative results and follow-up. In the last years, physicians' interest in this examination has greatly increased, in part due to the better understanding of the pathophysiology of colorectal disorders and also to the advances of the technique (e.g. computerized dynamic videodefecography extended the access to the test reducing radiation and improving the image quality). We discuss several aspects of defecography including the indications for the test and the methodology and interpretation of the results. The technique, including the basic principles and advances, are also discussed.

Keywords: Defecography, Computerized dynamic videodefecography, Technique, Constipation, Pelvic floor disorders, Outlet obstruction

We report a case of a 2 years and 8 months-old child with the recessive form of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Clinical and radiological features as well as the main differential diagnosis are discussed and compared with data from a brief literature review.

Keywords: Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, Bone dysplasia, Bone sclerosis, Nasal obstruction

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica is a rare benign disease (incidence 1:1,000,000), characterized by an osteochondral overgrowth affecting one or more epiphyses. Generally, the age of onset is between two and 14 years. The characteristic imaging findings are sufficient for the diagnosis. Surgical excision of the lesion is only indicated in cases where a functional limitation is present.

Keywords: Epiphysis; Osteochondrodysplasia; Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica; Trevor disease.

The authors report the case of a 56-year-old male patient complaining of dysphagia for solids and food impaction, submitted to videofluoroscopic swallowing study that demonstrated the presence of two esophageal diverticula. The videofluoroscopic swallowing study was critical in the identification and diagnosis of the diverticula, an esophageal cause of dysphagia.

Keywords: Deglutition disorders; Diverticulum.

Cleidocranial dysostosis is a rare genetic syndrome with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The most common manifestations include clavicular aplasia or hypoplasia, open fontanelles and abnormal dentition. The present report describes two familial cases whose late diagnosis was made by means of clinical and radiographic findings. The treatment was radical, with complete surgical teeth extraction and making of total dental prosthesis.

Keywords: Cleidocranial dysplasia; Hypoplasia of clavicles; Supernumerary teeth.

Heterotaxy syndrome is defined as an abnormal arrangement of some organs and vessels in association with dysmorphism. The authors describe the case of a patient with heterotaxy syndrome with poliesplenia incidentally diagnosed during imaging evaluation (computed tomography and small bowel barium study) of unrelated pathological condition.

Keywords: Heterotaxy syndrome; Polysplenia; Disorders of intestinal rotation; Partial inferior vena cava agenesis; Dorsal pancreas agenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of deglutition videofluoroscopy in the clinical diagnosis of dysphagia in chronic encephalopathy of childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 93 children diagnosed with chronic encephalopathy, in the age range between two and five years, selected by convenience among patients referred to the authors' institution by speech therapists, neurologists and gastroenterologists in the period from March 2010 to September 2011. The data collection was made at two different moments, by different investigators who were blind to each other. RESULTS: The method presented low sensitivity for detecting aspiration with puree consistency (p = 0.04). Specificity and negative predictive value were high for clinical diagnosis of dysphagia with puree consistency. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the value for sensitivity in the clinical diagnosis of dysphagia demonstrates that this diagnostic procedure may not detect any change in the swallowing process regardless of the food consistency used during the investigation. Thus, the addition of the videofluoroscopic method can significantly contribute to the diagnosis of dysphagia.

Keywords: Swallowing disorders; Videofluoroscopy; Clinical diagnosis; Sensitivity; Specificity.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) in crack-cocaine users, in comparison with that observed in age-matched non-drug-using controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inpatient crack-cocaine users who had been abstinent for at least four weeks and age-matched non-drugusing controls underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Images were acquired while the subjects rested with their eyes closed. After data preprocessing, DMNs were defined by spatial independent component analysis and seed-based correlation analysis, by chosen regions of interest centered in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex and in the posterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS: The functional connectivity of the DMN determined by independent component analysis did not differ between the crackcocaine users and the controls. However, the seed-based correlation analysis seeking a single metric of functional connectivity between specific brain regions showed that the negative connectivity between the ventral anterior cingulate cortex and the left superior parietal lobule was significantly greater in the crack-cocaine users than in the controls. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that selective extrinsic network connectivity of the DMN related to motor and executive function is impaired during crack-cocaine addiction.

Keywords: Substance-related disorders; Magnetic resonance imaging/methods; Brain/physiopathology; Image interpretation, computer-assisted; Functional neuroimaging.

OBJECTIVE: To report the computed tomography (CT) features of acute cerebrovascular complications in severely ill patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 29 intensive care unit patients with confirmed COVID-19 who underwent CT of the brain. We describe the CT features of the cerebrovascular complications of COVID-19, as well the demographic characteristics and clinical features, together with the results of laboratory tests, such as complete blood cell count, coagulation testing, renal function testing, and C-reactive protein assay. RESULTS: Two patients were excluded because of brain death. Among the remaining 27 patients, CT revealed acute cerebrovascular complications in six (three men and three women; 49–81 years of age), whereas no such complications were seen in 21 (15 men and six women; 36–82 years of age). CONCLUSION: Radiologists should be aware of the risks of cerebrovascular complications of COVID-19 and the potential underlying etiologies. COVID-19–associated coagulopathy is likely multifactorial and may increase the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic infarction.

Keywords: Coronavirus infections/complications; Cerebrovascular disorders; Blood coagulation disorders; Tomography, X-ray computed.