Sacroiliitis is a non-infectious inflammatory process involving the sacroiliac joint, and is a diagnostic criterion for seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Imaging methods are of great value for confirming the diagnosis of this condition. The present study is a review of cases included in didactic files and in the literature to illustrate the anatomy, techniques, and main imaging findings in x-ray, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for determining the diagnosis of sacroiliitis, also approaching main differential diagnoses.

Keywords: Sacroiliitis, Spondyloarthropathy, X-ray, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging

The authors present a review and iconographic study of patients with disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis, including the main radiographic findings seen in the central nervous system, adrenal glands, osteoarticular system, lymph nodes and digestive tract. Imaging diagnostic methods have allowed a more precise approach of these patients due to their high sensitivity in detecting lesions, even in asymptomatic patients. In most cases these abnormalities are unspecific, simulating either neoplasic or chronic infectious lesions, and sometimes difficult to distinguish from tuberculosis. Although these findings are nonspecific and only the mycologic and histologic fungus demonstration can confirm the diagnosis, they may suggest a presumptive one, when these imaging findings are considered in an appropriate clinical and epidemiological setting.

Keywords: Paracoccidioidomycosis, Central nervous system, Adrenals, Osteoarticular, Digestive, Lymph nodes

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare hereditary connective tissue disease characterized by disseminated soft tissue ossification and congenital abnormality of the extremities. It is genetically inherited as a dominant trait with complete penetrance but variable expression. The onset takes place during childhood and the progressive involvement of the spine and proximal extremities leads to immobilization and articular deformity. We report a case of a 22-year-old male patient with typical symptoms of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and discuss the new advances in the diagnosis and pathophysiology.

Keywords: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, Myositis ossificans progressiva, Pathophysiology, Ossification, X-rays

We report a case of two siblings with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermoperiostosis). Pachydermoperiostosis represents only 3 to 5 per cent of all cases of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. These patients presented long bone changes on conventional x-ray films including periosteal new bone formation and expansion of the diaphysis.

Keywords: Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, Pachydermoperiostosis, Radiology

Cherubim is a non-neoplastic hereditary bone disease characterized by bilateral, painless enlargements of the mandible and maxilla in children, producing the cherubic appearance. Cherubism may appear as an isolated case or in members of the same family. We report the case of a girl without familial history of cherubism who presented expansile osteolytic lesions in the mandible and maxilla, demonstrated by radiological exams.

Keywords: Cherubism, Mandibular diseases, Radiology, Computed tomography

The melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, also known as progonoma, is a rare benign disease of neural crest origin that occurs within the first year of life and affects mainly the maxilla. The authors report a case of a 10-month-old child presenting with this uncommon tumor in the maxilla, emphasizing the diagnostic findings on computed tomography, and present a literature review.

Keywords: Neoplasia, Neural crest, Maxilla, Infancy, Computed tomography

Persistent left superior vena cava with absent right superior vena cava is a rare anomaly, with less than 150 cases reported in the literature. Congenitally persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variant of systemic venous return to the heart, resulting embryologically from failure of the left anterior cardinal vein to become obliterated. Its incidence varies from 0.3% in patients with otherwise normal heart to 4.3% in patients with congenital heart disease. In the majority of the patients, a right superior vena cava is present as well, but rarely the right anterior cardinal vein degenerates resulting in the absence of the normal right superior vena cava. The blood from the right side is carried by the persistent left superior vena cava to the right atrium through the coronary sinus. We report the case of a patient with a persistent left superior vena cava and absence of right superior vena cava identified by chance during a chest radiograph and computed tomography examination for investigation of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. The patient had no congenital heart disease and the blood from the right side was drained by the persistent left superior vena cava into the right atrium through the coronary sinus.

Keywords: Persistent left superior vena cava, Absent right superior vena cava, Chest radiography, Computed tomography

The terms medullary cystic disease, juvenile nephronophthisis or medullary cystic disease complex refer to a group of similar diseases in which the basic pathological abnormality is progressive renal tubular atrophy with secondary glomerular sclerosis and medullary cystic formation. Medullary cystic disease is an important cause of renal failure in adolescent patients. Imaging methods play a primary role in the diagnosis of these diseases. Cysts are characteristically seen in the renal medulla and corticomedullary junction whereas kidneys may be of normal to small size. In this article we present the ultrasonography and computed tomography findings of a female adolescent patient with characteristic clinical picture of medullary cystic disease.

Keywords: Familial juvenile nephronophthisis, Ultrasonography, Computed tomography