OBJECTIVE: The present field research was aimed at identifying sonographic and hemodynamic findings indicative of the presence of schistosomiasis mansoni in endemic areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Doppler sonography was performed in 554 patients with schistosomiasis in three areas with different endemicity levels: low (n = 109), medium (n = 255) and high endemicity (n = 190). The World Health Organization (Niamey Working Group, 2000) protocol was adopted for sonographic evaluation. Doppler study included portal vessels, hepatic and splenic arteries, hepatic veins and collateral vessels. RESULTS: A significant correlation was observed between the frequency of sonographic findings, except for left lobe hypertrophy, and the areas endemicity levels. Altered hepatic veins flow pattern was observed in 23.7% of cases, such abnormality being related to the presence and intensity of periportal thickening. Hepatic arteries did not present any alteration as related to the evaluated parameters. Collateral vessels were identified only in the patients from the high-endemicity area. The splenic artery presented alterations (increase in caliber, flow velocity and resistive index), most frequently in the high-endemicity area, with significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Doppler sonography has shown to be a relevant auxiliary tool in the study of the morbidity related to schistosomiasis mansoni, contributing for a more accurate description of the disease profile in endemic areas.

Keywords: Schistosomiasis mansoni, Doppler sonography

Portal vein thrombosis may be associated with many alterations, such as the presence of tumors (for example, hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic liver disease and carcinoma of the pancreas) as well as pancreatitis, hepatitis, septicemia, trauma, splenectomy, portacaval shunts, hypercoagulable conditions (for example, pregnancy), in neonates (for example, omphalitis and umbilical vein catheterization) and in acute dehydration. The authors discuss herein the sonographic features of portal vein thrombosis as well as some aspects of clinical relevance.

Keywords: Portal vein, Portal vein thrombosis, Ultrasound

Sonographic presentation of bile duct hamartomas is variable. It is important to recognize their different forms of presentation in order to be included in the differential diagnosis of multiple focal hepatic lesions. Herein the authors report a case of bile duct hamartomas that was identified as multiple diffuse hyperechogenic liver nodules with the largest measuring 1.6 cm, without posterior acoustic reverberation.

Keywords: Liver, Bile duct hamartomas, von Meyenburg complex, Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography have dramatically improved the diagnosis of portal hypertension thanks to the noninvasive visualization of the liver, spleen and splanchnic blood flow. In this article the authors discuss some important issues raised by the use of ultrasound and Doppler in the evaluation of portal hypertension.

Keywords: Portal hypertension, Liver, Ultrasound, Doppler

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) are the most recent and popular technique for the relief of symptomatic portal hypertension, particularly in patients with varices and gastrointestinal bleeding and less often in patients with refractory ascites. TIPS may be complicated by stenosis or occlusion of the stent. Sonography with Doppler provides a noninvasive method for monitoring patients with TIPS. The authors report the recent sonographic and Doppler findings in patients with normal functioning TIPS and patients with stenosis or occlusion of TIPS.

Keywords: Liver, Portal hypertension, Cirrhosis, Liver transplantation, Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Recent advances in ultrasound have optimized the detection of liver tumors and helped to improve the prognosis of patients with this condition as newly developed and improved therapeutic modalities have been established. The authors review important Doppler findings which may help in the identification and characterization of some hepatic tumors through the evaluation of color Doppler, pulsed Doppler and power Doppler features. New imaging methods such as the use of harmonics imaging are also reviewed.

Keywords: Liver, Liver tumors, Doppler

Intraoperative ultrasonography influences surgical strategy in a significant number of patients operated due to benign or malignant conditions, and is the most sensitive technique for the detection of small lesions, particularly in the liver and in the pancreas. In pancreatic surgery, intraoperative ultrasonography is helpful in the localization of islet cell tumors and in the assessment of the resectability of adenocarcinomas. The technique may also play a role in chronic pancreatitis surgery. The authors present an up-to-date review of the evolution of intraoperative ultrasonography in pancreatic surgery.

Keywords: Ultrasonography, Intraoperative ultrasonography, Pancreas

The recognition and identification of benign liver tumors is important since most of these tumors do not require any intervention. The authors report the ultrasonography findings in 16 patients with bile duct hamartomas (von Meyenburg complex) that were evaluated prospectively by an active search of eight years. Multiple lesions with size equal or less than 0.8 cm were identified in 14 patients. Two other patients had only two lesions measuring 0.4 cm to 1.3 cm. The most common ultrasonographic pattern was that of multiple small hyperechogenic lesions (with or without posterior acoustic reverberation) with irregular margins (14 patients). A less common finding (two patients with two lesions each) was the "target" pattern with echogenic center and well defined limits.

Keywords: Liver, Bile duct hamartomas, von Meyenburg complex, Ultrasonography, Intraoperative ultrasonography

The authors report the clinical, gross pathology and ultrasonography findings of 11 prospectively studied patients with solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas (SPEN). The patients were one male and ten females aged 15 to 75 years (mean age at diagnosis: 27 years). All patients had pathology proven SPEN and were submitted to preoperative ultrasonography. The size, location and ultrasonographic features of the tumors were evaluated and correlated with the gross pathology findings. The mean transverse diameter of these tumors was 8.7 cm (range: 4.2 cm to 16.0 cm). Tumors were located in the head (three cases), body (three cases) and tail (five cases) of the pancreas. All lesions were well encapsulated and presented some degree of internal hemorrhage. There was full correlation between ultrasonography and gross pathology findings. In three cases (27.3%) the tumors were predominantly solid, cystic in one case (9.1%), and had equal degrees of solid and cystic components in seven cases (63.6%). Calcifications, predominantly peripheral, were seen in four (36.4%) of the 11 patients. All tumors were in contact with the portal, mesenteric and splenic venous axis. In all cases except one there was no venous invasion. Lymph nodes or distant metastases were not observed in any of the patients. The authors concluded that in all cases there was a correlation between the ultrasonography and gross pathology findings, and although ultrasonography findings are not specific they may be highly suggestive of SPEN in the appropriate clinical context.

Keywords: Neoplasm of the pancreas, Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas, Ultrasonography

Hemangiomas are benign hepatic tumors that in most cases require no surgical excision if correctly identified. Ultrasound (US) usually shows hyperechogenic tumors although some unusual hypoechogenic hemangiomas have also been described. Fifteen patients with hypoechogenic hemangiomas, identified in a period of approximately four years, were evaluated prospectively. As the US findings of these hemangiomas were atypical, the final diagnosis was established after a combined analysis of US and helical computed tomography (helical-CT) findings. Helical-CT showed centripetal enhancement after administration of intravenous iodinated contrast media in all lesions. The levels of carcinoembrionic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein were measured in all patients who were also submitted to endoscopy and colonoscopy (or double contrast enema). No abnormalities were found in any of these tests. Additionally, US and helical-CT examinations were performed 8 to 12 months after the initial investigation in all patients, and no changes were seen in the appearance and dimensions of the lesions. There was associated steatosis in 14 of the 15 patients with hypoechogenic hemangiomas. The authors concluded that atypical hypoechogenic hemangiomas occur mainly in patients with steatosis and only occasionally in patients with nonsteatotic liver. In these atypical cases complementary imaging and biochemical studies, and follow-up tests are necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Keywords: Liver, Hemangioma, Hypoechogenic hemangioma, Ultrasonography

We analyzed the ultrasonographic findings of 21 patients with mild acute pancreatitis. The presence or absence of pancreatic hypoechogenicity and peripancreatic fluid collection was assessed. Pancreatic hypoechogenicity was identified in 19 patients (90.5%) whereas small sac fluid collection was identified in 3 (15.8%) of these patients. No abnormality was seen in 2 patients (9.5%). Regarding the etiology of acute pancreatitis, cholelithiasis was identified in 15 patients (71.5%), alcohol abuse was identified in 4 patients (19.0%), and in 2 patients (9.5%) no probable etiology could be found. The authors conclude that ultrasonography may identify abnormalities in the majority of patients with mild acute pancreatitis and can be used to assess patients with peripancreatic fluid collections.

Keywords: Acute pancreatitis, Complications, Ultrasonography