The rare lethal midline granuloma syndrome is difficult to diagnose because of the wide array of related diseases and lack of knowledge by the majority of physicians. In the present report, the authors describe the case of a patient with this disease, caused by squamous cell carcinoma, drawing attention to differential diagnoses and to clinical and radiological findings that may be useful to define the diagnosis.

Keywords: Lethal midline granuloma; Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Wegener's granulomatosis; Squamous cell carcinoma.

Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare disease characterized by progressive hemifacial atrophy associated with other systemic changes, including neurological symptoms. Currently, there are few studies exploring the utilization of advanced magnetic resonance sequences in the investigation of this disease. The authors report the case of a 45-year-old patient and describe the findings at structural magnetic resonance imaging and at advanced sequences, correlating them with pathophysiological data.

Keywords: Parry-Romberg syndrome; Progressive hemifacial atrophy; Hemifacial atrophy; Facial hemiatrophy of Romberg.

Although infection with the Zika virus was first recognized in 1942, it received little attention until 2007, when a true pandemic spread throughout Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Since then, numerous forms of central nervous system involvement have been described, mainly malformations related to congenital infection. Although the neuroimaging findings in congenital Zika syndrome are not pathognomonic, many are quite suggestive of the diagnosis, and radiologists should be prepared to interpret such findings accordingly. The objective of this article is to review the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in congenital Zika syndrome.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; Computed tomography; Zika virus; Congenital Zika syndrome; Congenital infection.

Dizziness is a prevalent symptom in the general population, accounting for a considerable share of physician office visits, and most causes are clinically treatable. It is also a common indication for neuroimaging studies, in order to identify a specific etiology and exclude surgical causes. Here, we illustrate the main peripheral and central causes of dizziness, discussing their possible differential diagnoses, as well as their most important image aspects.

Keywords: Dizziness; Vertigo; Neuroimaging; Computed tomography; magnetic resonance imaging.

The introduction of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the 1980s brought about a drastic change in the treatment of patients with rhinosinusitis, improving quality of life through the removal of pathological processes or anatomical variations that obstruct the drainage pathways of the paranasal sinuses. However, despite the routine use of computed tomography in the anatomical evaluation of the paranasal sinuses, most radiological reports still do not provide sufficient information to guide the surgical planning. The objective of this pictorial essay was to demonstrate, through computed tomography, the main anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses, the recognition of which is fundamental for preoperative planning, in order to avoid treatment failure and iatrogenic complications.

Keywords: Tomography, X-ray computed; Paranasal sinuses; Rhinitis; Sinusitis.

The diseases that affect the thalamus are heterogeneous in their etiologies, including infectious, inflammatory, vascular, toxic-metabolic, and neoplastic causes. It is often difficult to make the clinical differentiation between different entities. Within this context, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have come to be of fundamental importance for defining the etiology and planning the treatment. In this pictorial essay, we will illustrate the main causes of diseases affecting the thalamus, discussing the possible differential diagnoses, as well as the most relevant imaging aspects.

Keywords: Thalamus; Magnetic resonance imaging; Tomography, X-ray computed; Demyelinating diseases; Infections.