OBJECTIVE: Approximately 35% of the patients with acute appendicitis have a doubtful or incorrect preoperatory diagnosis, particularly in pregnant women and children. Ultrasonography has demonstrated to be an important means of diagnosis due to its low cost and easy access. This study is intended to show the main imaging findings of the many phases of appendicitis, thus helping the ultrasonographist to establish an early diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to June 2001, 14 patients with acute abdominal pain were submitted to abdominal ultrasound using 3.5 MHz and 7.5 MHz transducers. RESULTS: The ultrasound findings when perforation had not occurred demonstrated a noncompressible appendix, thickening and focal lack of definition of the walls. After perforation had occurred the appendix could no longer be visualized at ultrasonography. Secondary changes such as mass effect, phlegmous changes, liquefaction and abscess formation, and gas bubbles within a collection were identified. CONCLUSION: An early diagnosis of appendicitis is essential in order to minimize morbidity that is high when perforation occurs. Atypical presentations result in misdiagnosis and treatment delay. The main diagnostic challenges are retrocecal, focal or perforated appendicitis.

Keywords: Appendicitis, Ultrasonography, Computed tomography

The purpose of this study is to review the anatomical structures, ultrasonography examination technique and imaging findings in patients with musculotendinous lesions of the shoulder with the aim of helping the radiologist in the differential diagnosis of these lesions. We performed ultrasonography examinations of the shoulder using high-resolution probes (7.5-10 MHz) in 34 patients from January to December, 2001. The examination was normal in eight patients (23%) whereas 26 patients presented abnormalities: eight patients had total rotator cuff tears (30%), five had partial rotator cuff (19%), ten had tendinopathy (38%), one had calcified tendinopathy (3%), one had biceps tendinitis, one had biceps tendon luxation (3%) and one had tendinopathy associated to crystal arthropathy (3%). The lack of experience and the insufficient knowledge about the main diseases of the shoulder are limiting factors for the diagnosis of these lesions. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the abnormalities of the shoulder should be carried out.

Keywords: Shoulder, Ultrasonography, Rotator cuff