OBJECTIVE: To review the results of adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) combined with high-dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 141 patients treated with EBRT and HDR-BT after surgery between January 1993 and January 2001. EBRT was performed with a median dose of 45 Gy, and HDR-BT was performed with a median dose of 24 Gy, with four weekly insertions of 6 Gy. The median age of the patients was 63 years and the disease stage distribution was: CS I (FIGO), 52.4%; CS II, 13.5%; CS III, 29.8%; CS IV, 4.3%. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 53.7 months, the disease free survival (DFS) at five years was: CS I, 88.0%; CS II, 70.8%; CS III, 55.1%; CS IV, 50.0% (p = 0.0003). Global survival after five years was: CS I, 79.6%; CS II, 74.0%; CS III, 53.6%; CS IV, 100.0% (p = 0.0062). Factors affecting the DFS were histological grade and serous-papillary histology. Recurrence of the disease was observed in 33 cases, 13 (9.2%) of these occurred in the pelvis, vagina or vaginal vault. EBRT + HDR-BT of the vaginal vault allowed disease control in 90.8% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy is essential for loco-regional control of endometrial cancer and can achieve excellent cure rates in the initial stages. In more advanced stages, therapeutic failure frequently appears as distant metastases suggesting the need for complementary systemic therapy using new treatment modalities, particularly chemotherapy.

Keywords: Carcinoma, Endometrium, Radiation therapy, Brachytherapy

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the results of conservative therapy using episcleral iodine-125 (model 6711, Amershan) plaque for brachytherapy of choroidal melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 49 patients with choroidal melanoma treated at "Hospital do Câncer", São Paulo, Brazil, from March 2001 to January 2003. The following clinical parameters were analyzed and correlated with local control and survival rate: gender, age, lesion dimension, treatment duration, as well as doses in apex and base of the tumors. RESULTS: The maximum diameter and height of the base of the tumors treated were 17 mm and 12 mm, respectively. Doses at those points ranged from 213 to 463 Gy (median: 347 Gy) and 51 to 250 Gy (median: 91 Gy), respectively. The actuarial rates of ocular preservation, disease free survival and ocular preservation in 2-years were 96%, 93.5% and 96.3%, respectively. A tumor height < 6 mm was the only predictive factor for local control (p = 0.0348) in the univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Brachytherapy achieved a very satisfactory rate of tumor local control, confirming that tumor height is one of the most important predictive factors for local control.

Keywords: Choroidal melanoma, Plaque therapy, Conservative therapy, Enucleation, Brachytherapy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the biochemical response in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with external beam radiation therapy alone or in combination with conformal brachytherapy boost. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 1997 to January 2000, 74 patients received 45 Gy of pelvic external irradiation and four were treated with high dose rate iridium-192 conformal boost implants of 4 Gy each (BT). These were compared with 29 other patients treated with 45 Gy of pelvic external irradiation followed by a 24 Gy of bilateral ARC boost (RT) from October 1996 to February 2000. Some patients received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy. Three-year actuarial biochemical control rates (BC3) and pretreatment biochemical response predictors such as prostate-specific antigen pretreatment (PSAi), Gleason score (GS) and clinical stage (CS), were evaluated. RESULTS: Median follow-up was of 25 months for the RT group and 37 months for the BT group. BC3 was 51% versus 73% (p = 0.032) for RT and BT, respectively. Comparisons of biochemical control by treatment group stratified by PSAi showed that BC3 for RT versus BT was 85.7% versus 79.1% (p = 0.76) for PSAi < 10 ng/mL and 38% versus 68% (p = 0.023) for PSAi > 10 ng/mL, respectively. For patients with GS < 6, BC3 was 37% versus 80% (p = 0.001) for RT versus BT and, for patients with GS > 6, BC3 was 78% versus 55% (p = 0.58) for RT versus BT, respectively. For patients with CS < T2a, BC3 was 36% versus 74% (p = 0.018) for RT versus BT and, for patients with CS > T2a, BC3 was 73% versus 69% (p = 0.692) for RT versus BT, respectively. The relative risk of biochemical relapse was 2.3 (95% IC: 1.0-5.1) for patients in RT group compared to the BT group. When adjusted for PSAi and GS, the relative risk of biochemical relapse was 2.4 (95% IC: 1.0-5.7). CONCLUSION: The treatment modality was an independent prognostic factor for biochemical relapse, with a significant improvement in the biochemical control with BT. These early results suggest that this treatment was most beneficial in patients with PSAi > 10 ng/mL, CS < T2a and GS < 6.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, Radiotherapy, High dose rate brachytherapy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence on local control in adult patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the limbs that underwent limb-sparing surgery and high-dose rate brachytherapy (HDRB) in association with teletherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen patients treated from 1993 to 1999 were reviewed. Teletherapy was used pre- or postoperatively (30--55 Gy) in association with HDRB in a dose range of 18--36 Gy (fx 3--6 Gy BID). The linear quadratic model was used to calculate the biological effective dose (BED) and the values obtained were compared with data from the literature, of studies that employed teletherapy and low-dose rate brachytherapy (LDRB). RESULTS: Soft tissue sarcomas BED mean and median values were 78.5 Gy7 and 80 Gy7, respectively. Univariated analysis showed that BED for patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the limbs submitted to HDRB was similar to the value of 83 Gy7 of patients submitted to LDRB (p = 0.008). Actuarial local control, disease free and overall survival rates at 5-years were 83.2%, 75% and 93.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HDRB appears to be an effective complementary method to teletherapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. The local control rates are comparable to those reported in the literature. However, studies with longer follow-up and a larger number of patients are still necessary in order to determine the true potential of HDRB as a substitute for LDBR.

Keywords: Soft tissue sarcoma, Brachytherapy, Limb-sparing surgery, Biological effective dose

We report the clinical and imaging findings of a patient with a symptomatic vertebral hemangioma treated with radiotherapy alone. There was partial relief of the pain 3 months after radiotherapy. We recommend a total dose of 40 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction. A review of literature is also presented.

Keywords: Hemangioma, Radiotherapy, Spine