OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose distribution in different situations of high dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy, focusing especially on high-dose volumes, and try to identify better or worse situations in terms of dose distribution to aid as guidance in the clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Theoretical study simulating high dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy utilizing two catheters, varying the loading extent, angle between the catheters, prescription depth, and source step. With a prescription dose of 7.5 Gy, the volumes involved by the 100%, 150% and 200% isodoses (V100, V150 and V200, respectively) and V150/V100 and V200/V100 ratios were calculated. RESULTS: There was a volume enhancement with larger loaded lengths, increase in prescription depth and angles, with a tendency towards a proportionally smaller increase with larger angulations. In general, the V150/V100 and V200/V100 ratios were homogeneous, respectively around 0.50 and 0.30. CONCLUSION: Overall, the dose distribution in the standard situation was appropriate. No specific parameter that could be related to a higher toxicity was identified. The authors recommend a swift evaluation of the treatment quality through the analysis of the V150/V100 and V200/V100 ratios.

Keywords: Radiotherapy, Endobronchial brachytherapy, Dosimetry

OBJECTIVE: In order to simplify the use of the corresponding tables for the quality factors of International Atomic Energy Agency TRS-398, the cross-calibration of parallel chambers is performed by comparison with a cylindrical chamber calibrated at a quality electron beam Qcross; an intermediate and random energy Qint is introduced in which the parallel chamber will be calibrated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the selection of this intermediate energy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A parallel chamber from Scanditronix, model NACP-02 and a PTW Markus chamber were calibrated in two linear accelerators from Varian, Clinac 2100C and Clinac 23EX, in the energies of 16 and 20 MeV respectively. A Nuclear Enterprises chamber, model 2571 previously calibrated in terms of Dw at "Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares", São Paulo, Brazil, for a 60Co beam was used as reference. RESULTS: The calibration factors N D,w thus obtained show a variation of 0.07% that can be considered negligible. The absorbed dose values in water determined at Clinac 2100C for a Qint of 16 MeV present a variation of 0.04% for the smallest energy (4 MeV) and of 2.6% for the largest energy (16 MeV), in relation to the TRS-381 protocol. For a Qint of 20 MeV, the observed variations are of 1.3% and 3.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the doses obtained in Clinac23EX for Qint of 16 MeV and of 20 MeV are of 1.9% and 2.0% and of 2.8% and 3.0% respectively. CONCLUSION: The choice of Qint is not so critical, particularly when no electron beams which have a R50value exactly equal to 7.5 g.cm-2 are available.

Keywords: Calibration of parallel chambers, Electron beams dosim, Dosimetry protocols

OBJECTIVE: In treatment techniques such as dynamic arc, the manual verification of treatment planning system calculations is very difficult. In these cases, the use of computational tools is useful and becomes an essential component of the quality assurance program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A worksheet-based software has been created to perform an independent dose or monitor unit calculation in treatments applying the dynamic arc technique delivered with micromultileaf collimator. The dose values calculated per arc and per complete treatment, are compared with values obtained from BrainScan v5.3 treatment planning system. The software has been tested with 229 dynamic arc fields representing 42 skull treatments. From these 229 fields, 109 have been calculated in 3D reconstruction of patients CT images, 109 in reconstruction of polymethylmetacrylate phantom images, and 21 in reconstruction of images from a water equivalent phantom. RESULTS: The mean difference of total doses found in the 42 treatments (composites of one or more dynamic arcs), between the verification software and the treatment planning system, was of +1.73% with a 0.76% standard deviation. The maximum difference was 3.32% and the minimum -0.20%. When the 229 dynamic arcs were tested one by one, the average difference found was 1.61% with a 1.04% standard deviation. Maximum and minimum differences were, respectively 4.01% and -2.04%. As a result of the test, in 80.35% the doses calculated have presented a ± 2.5% difference in relation to the doses generated by the planning system. CONCLUSION: The software presented in this study is recommended for checking point dose included in treatment plans as an integral part of the process of quality assurance in radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery when the dynamic arc technique is utilized in treatment with micromultileaf collimator, where a manual calculation is very difficult or even impracticable due the technique complexity.

Keywords: Radiotherapy, Stereotactic radiosurgery, Linac, Quality assurance in radiotherapy, Monitor unit calculation, Micromultileaf collimator

OBJECTIVE: To develop and implement a software based on the manual calculation algorithm for verification of the calculations in radiotherapy monitor units and to establish acceptance levels as a mechanism of quality assurance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from Clinac 600C and 2100C Varian linear accelerators and the computerized treatment planning system used was CadPlan™. RESULTS: For the 6 MV beams the acceptance levels for deviations among the calculations of monitor units, divided by treatment area, were the following: breast (0.0% ± 1.7%), head and neck (1.5% ± 0.5%), hypophysis (-1.7% ± 0.5%), pelvis (2.1% ± 2.1%) and thorax (0.2% ± 1.3%). For the 15 MV beams the suggested level for pelvis in all the treatment techniques was (3.2% ± 1.3%). CONCLUSION: The present data are sufficient to justify the use of the software in the clinical practice as a tool for the quality assurance program.

Keywords: Monitor units calculation, Quality assurance, Computerized treatment planning system

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at characterizing a diamond detector and observing its behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dosimetric characteristics of 6 MV photon beams were measured by utilizing an automatic PTW MP3 scanning system with a diamond detector, and compared with measurements performed with a PTW 31010 ion chamber. RESULTS: Measurements of dose linearity, dose rate dependence and depth dose distribution as well as dose profiles demonstrated the dosimetric characteristics of the diamond detector. CONCLUSION: Some measurements with diamond detector and ion chamber were validated with results published in the literature, demonstrating a good behavior of the diamond detector as compared with the ionization chamber that is widely utilized for dosimetry in radiotherapy, indicating that the diamond detector is a good choice for small field dosimetry.

Keywords: Diamond; Dosimetry; Radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a contrast material that could be used as a dummy marker for magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance images were acquired with six different catheter-filling materials-water, glucose 50%, saline, olive oil, glycerin, and copper sulfate (CuSO₄) water solution (2.08 g/L)-inserted into compatible computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging ring applicators placed in a phantom made of gelatin and CuSO₄. The best contrast media were tested in four patients with the applicators in place. RESULTS: In T2-weighted sequences, the best contrast was achieved with the CuSO₄-filled catheters, followed by saline- and glycerin-filled catheters, which presented poor visualization. In addition (also in T2-weighted sequences), CuSO₄ presented better contrast when tested in the phantom than when tested in the patients, in which it provided some contrast but with poor identification of the first dwell position, mainly in the ring. CONCLUSION: We found CuSO₄ to be the best solution for visualization of the applicator channels, mainly in T2-weighted images in vitro, although the materials tested presented low signal intensity in the images obtained in vivo, as well as poor precision in determining the first dwell position.

Keywords: Imaging, three-dimensional; Brachytherapy/methods; Diagnostic techniques, obstetrical and gynecological; Magnetic resonance imaging/methods; Contrast media.