Leukokoria is an abnormal pupillary reflex most commonly seen in children that usually results from an intra-ocular abnormality. The evaluation of a child with leukokoria should be performed particularly to rule out a retinoblastoma (the cause of leukokoria in half of the cases). The authors present the main clinical and imaging features for the diagnosis of the most common causes of leukokoria.

Keywords: Eye, Leukokoria, Childhood, Ultrasonography, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging

Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm with clinical and radiological features similar to those of clear cell renal sarcomas. The tumor is formed by layers of malignant spindle cells that show immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of both stromal and epithelial cells, and may also contain mixoid areas of osteoclast-like giant cells, rhabdomyoblast-like pleomorphic cells as well as other rare sarcomatoid components. The authors report a case of sarcomatoid renal carcinoma in a 54-year-old male patient presenting with the classic clinical triad seen on patients with renal cell carcinomas. The typical macroscopic and microscopic features, imaging findings and differential diagnosis with true renal sarcomas are discussed.

Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma, Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma, Tumor metaplasia, Computed tomography, Ultrasonography

The terms medullary cystic disease, juvenile nephronophthisis or medullary cystic disease complex refer to a group of similar diseases in which the basic pathological abnormality is progressive renal tubular atrophy with secondary glomerular sclerosis and medullary cystic formation. Medullary cystic disease is an important cause of renal failure in adolescent patients. Imaging methods play a primary role in the diagnosis of these diseases. Cysts are characteristically seen in the renal medulla and corticomedullary junction whereas kidneys may be of normal to small size. In this article we present the ultrasonography and computed tomography findings of a female adolescent patient with characteristic clinical picture of medullary cystic disease.

Keywords: Familial juvenile nephronophthisis, Ultrasonography, Computed tomography