Currently, computed tomography is the method of choice for assessment of paranasal sinuses, nasal fossae and their anatomical variations. Presumably, these variations may induce osteal obstruction, preventing mucus drainage and predisposing to chronic rhinosinusitis. However, this concept is still controversial and the presence of any anatomic variation does not necessarily establish an etiology for rhinosinusitis. Among three subtypes of concha bullosa, just the bulbous type seems to be strongly associated with symptoms. Size and obliteration of osteomeatal complex drainage pathways may be relevant as well. Variations and tomographic signs of sinusal disease occurring on the same side reinforce the likelihood of interference with the mucus drainage process. Computed tomography offers detailed study of anatomical variations and is an invaluable tool for managing clinical decisions and planning surgical strategies. Imaging assessment must be based on identification of variants, definition of their dimensions, as well as on their association with obstruction of drainage ostia and tomographic signs of sinus disease.

Keywords: Anatomical variations, Paranasal sinuses, Sinusitis, Computed tomography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and appearance of incidental paranasal sinuses abnormalities in children with no clinical evidence of rhinosinusitis using CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans of the head or orbits of children between 0 and 18 years of age performed due to problems not related to rhinosinusitis were studied. RESULTS: Sixty-four children were included (mean age 5.7 years; standard deviation = 3.9). Incidental sinuses abnormalities were found in 46 cases (72%). In most cases the abnormalities were mild (25/46) and mucosal thickening was the most common finding. Complete opacification and fluid levels occurred in 12 children. More than one cavity was affected in 33 patients and abnormalities were most frequently seen in maxillary sinuses, followed by ethmoid sinuses. Bilateral and symmetric findings were common. The prevalence and intensity of abnormalities were higher in children below three years of age. CONCLUSION: Incidental abnormalities are highly prevalent and tend to be mild in children without symptoms of rhinosinusitis. The most prevalent abnormality was mucosal thickening. Moderate and severe abnormalities occur in children below three years of age.

Keywords: Computed tomographic scans, Rhinosinusitis, Incidental abnormalities, Paranasal sinuses, Radiology, Pediatrics

Radiograph of the nasopharynx is still the most commonly used imaging method to investigate the adenoidal tissue. Due to the variety and complexity of proposed methods to measure the adenoid size, some radiologists prefer subjective evaluation, which can, however, be imprecise and inaccurate. We review and describe several methods to determine the adenoid size, taking into account the practicity, accuracy and precision with the aim of pointing out the best methods to be applied in daily routine practice.

Keywords: Adenoids, Nasopharynx, Airway obstruction, Radiology