OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance imaging has been utilized in the evaluation of the lacrimal apparatus with some advantages over conventional dacryocystography. The present study was aimed at acquiring high-resolution images utilizing microscopic coils for evaluating typical structures of the lacrimal apparatus as compared with the findings observed with conventional surface coils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five asymptomatic volunteers with no history of epiphora were submitted to high-field magnetic resonance imaging with microscopic and conventional surface coils, and STIR sequence after instillation of saline solution. The definition of normal anatomic structures of lacrimal apparatuses was compared utilizing conventional and microscopic surface coils. Based on a consensual scoring system, the mean values for each structure were calculated by two observers. RESULTS: In 90% of cases, higher scores were attributed to images acquired with the microscopic coil. On average, a 1.17 point increase was observed in the scoring of anatomic structures imaged with the microscopic coil. Additionally, a subjective improvement was observed in the signal-to-noise ratio with the microscopic coil. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance dacryocystography with microscopic coils is the appropriate method for evaluating the lacrimal apparatus, providing images with better quality as compared with those acquired with conventional surface coils.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Lacrimal apparatus, Dacryocystography, Microscopic coil

Postoperative mediastinitis is defined as an infection of the organs and tissues in the mediastinal space, with an incidence ranging between 0.4% and 5% of cases. This disease severity varies from infection of superficial tissues in the chest wall to fulminant mediastinitis with sternal involvement. Diagnostic criterion for postoperative detection of acute mediastinitis at computed tomography is the presence of fluid collections and gas in the mediastinal space, which might or might not be associated with peristernal abnormalities such as edema of soft tissues, separation of sternal segments with marginal bone resorption, sclerosis and osteomyelitis. Other associated findings include lymphadenomegaly, pulmonary consolidation and pleural/pericardial effusion. Some of these findings, such as mediastinal gas and small fluid collections can be typically found in the absence of infection, early in the period following thoracic surgery where the effectiveness of computed tomography is limited. After approximately two weeks, computed tomography achieves almost 100% sensitivity and specificity. Patients with clinical suspicion of mediastinitis should be submitted to computed tomography for investigating the presence of fluid collections to identify the extent and nature of the disease. Multidetector computed tomography allows 3D images reconstruction, contributing particularly to the evaluation of the sternum.

Keywords: Acute mediastinitis, Postoperative infection, Mediastinitis

OBJECTIVE: To identify carotid plaques in patients with coronary disease and indication for surgical treatment. To evaluate the degree of stenosis of the internal carotid arteries using color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). To compare plaque ultrasound echogenicity with signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To evaluate the quality of the images and inter-rater reliability of MRI analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of 50 patients. Imaging methods used included ultrasound, T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences, both with black-blood (BB) and fat sat black-blood (FSBB) techniques, and 3D TOF (time-of-flight) MRA, with and without administration of paramagnetic contrast media. RESULTS: Out of a total of 100 arterial segments, 81% showed stenosis on ultrasound whereas in 72 plaques with type 4 echogenicity there was high signal intensity in MRI in 59.7% in T1-BB technique, 65.3% in T1-FSBB, 62.5% in T2-BB and 66.7% in T2-FSBB. In type 2 plaques we observed high signal intensity in 71.4% in T1-BB and T1-FSBB, 85.7% in T2-BB and 71.4% in T2-FSBB. In type 1 plaques there was high signal intensity in 50% on T1- and T2-weighted images. In 19 segments ultrasound was considered normal. The same segments showed high signal intensity in 47.4% in T1-BB, 57.9% in T1-FSBB, 52.6% in T2-BB and T2-FSBB when evaluated with MRI. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of carotid atherosclerosis was observed. There was borderline reproducibility in the association between the degree of stenosis observed by CDU and MRA. There was no correlation between the types of plaque echogenicity assessed by ultrasound and MR signal intensity changes. The quality of MR images was considered optimal on T1- and T2-weighted images, and good in 3D TOF (axial). The quality of MRA images was considered excellent. Optimal inter-rater reliability was observed, with a kappa index above 0.71.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Ultrasound, Carotid artery disease, Comparative study

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors rarely affect the urinary tract or children, and frequently mimic malignancy on imaging studies. According to the recent literature, only 35 cases of such bladder tumors in children have been reported. The authors present the case of a child with a bladder myofibroblastic tumor with favorable progression following complete surgical resection.

Keywords: Bladder tumor; Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor; Computed tomography.

Intracranial calcifications, which are common in the daily routine of radiologists, can have a physiological or pathological origin. Determining the cause of intracranial calcifications can represent a challenge. The anatomical location, distribution, dimensions and morphology of such calcifications are important findings, which, in conjunction with the clinical history and age group, can facilitate the differential diagnosis. The aim of this pictorial essay is to demonstrate the different types of intracranial calcifications and their origins. The images evaluated were those stored in picture archiving and communication systems. All of the cases included were studied by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or both. We identified, classified, and described 64 types of intracranial calcifications.

Keywords: Intracranial calcifications; Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging.

Inherited neurometabolic disorders represent a diagnostic challenge, and an efficient classification system is needed in order to improve the understanding of these diseases. Although they constitute a group of rare diseases, they have a collective incidence of at least one case per 1,000 live births. Some inherited neurometabolic disorders are treatable. The clinical and radiological presentations are variable and sometimes overlap, depending on the stage of the disease. Therefore, a number of classification systems have been devised, some of which are difficult to apply in practice. The aim of this study was to illustrate a classification system for inherited neurometabolic disorders, based exclusively on radiological findings. This was a retrospective study of imaging examinations of the central nervous system, particularly of children, performed in a network of hospitals. All of the cases were studied by multidetector computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or both, the images having been obtained by two neuroradiologists. We included only cases in which a definitive diagnosis was made. The classification system separates the relevant radiological findings into 10 categories. All of the cases studied presented at least one of those findings. In most of the cases, more than one finding was observed, which increased specificity and narrowed the differential diagnosis. Data from the literature and from this study demonstrate that it is possible to classify inherited neurometabolic disorders by their radiological aspects, which favors a definitive diagnosis.

Keywords: Metabolism, inborn errors/classification; Brain diseases, metabolic, inborn/classification; Diagnostic imaging/trends; Computed tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging.