OBJECTIVE: To identify chest radiography findings suggestive of type 1 neurofibromatosis, establishing their frequency and evaluating the possibility of including the presence of posterior mediastinal masses as a criterion for the diagnosis of type 1 neurofibromatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 141 patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis assisted at the Service of Radiology of Hospital de Base and Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, and submitted to standard chest radiography in postero-anterior and lateral views. The results were analyzed by non-parametric methods and the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05 (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The most frequent findings were the following: ribs erosion (19.8%), pectus excavatum (12.0%), kyphoscoliosis (3.5%) and posterior mediastinal masses (7.1%). Such results suggest that posterior mediastinal masses (neurofibroma and meningocele) should be included as a diagnostic criterion of type 1 neurofibromatosis, in conjunction with dysplasia of the sphenoid wing, pseudoarthrosis and thinning of long bone cortex, as defined by the National Institutes of Health. CONCLUSION: The presence of posterior mediastinal masses in association with the typical bone changes defined by the National Institutes of Health is a consistent finding to be considered as a diagnostic criterion of the disease.

Keywords: Type 1 neurofibromatosis, Radiology, Chest radiography, Bone abnormalities, Mediastinal neoplasms

Currently, computed tomography is the method of choice for assessment of paranasal sinuses, nasal fossae and their anatomical variations. Presumably, these variations may induce osteal obstruction, preventing mucus drainage and predisposing to chronic rhinosinusitis. However, this concept is still controversial and the presence of any anatomic variation does not necessarily establish an etiology for rhinosinusitis. Among three subtypes of concha bullosa, just the bulbous type seems to be strongly associated with symptoms. Size and obliteration of osteomeatal complex drainage pathways may be relevant as well. Variations and tomographic signs of sinusal disease occurring on the same side reinforce the likelihood of interference with the mucus drainage process. Computed tomography offers detailed study of anatomical variations and is an invaluable tool for managing clinical decisions and planning surgical strategies. Imaging assessment must be based on identification of variants, definition of their dimensions, as well as on their association with obstruction of drainage ostia and tomographic signs of sinus disease.

Keywords: Anatomical variations, Paranasal sinuses, Sinusitis, Computed tomography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and appearance of incidental paranasal sinuses abnormalities in children with no clinical evidence of rhinosinusitis using CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans of the head or orbits of children between 0 and 18 years of age performed due to problems not related to rhinosinusitis were studied. RESULTS: Sixty-four children were included (mean age 5.7 years; standard deviation = 3.9). Incidental sinuses abnormalities were found in 46 cases (72%). In most cases the abnormalities were mild (25/46) and mucosal thickening was the most common finding. Complete opacification and fluid levels occurred in 12 children. More than one cavity was affected in 33 patients and abnormalities were most frequently seen in maxillary sinuses, followed by ethmoid sinuses. Bilateral and symmetric findings were common. The prevalence and intensity of abnormalities were higher in children below three years of age. CONCLUSION: Incidental abnormalities are highly prevalent and tend to be mild in children without symptoms of rhinosinusitis. The most prevalent abnormality was mucosal thickening. Moderate and severe abnormalities occur in children below three years of age.

Keywords: Computed tomographic scans, Rhinosinusitis, Incidental abnormalities, Paranasal sinuses, Radiology, Pediatrics

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at analyzing the value of the early diagnosis of hemodynamic changes in hemorrhages and hypoxic-ischemic events in premature, very-low-birth-weight neonates through the evaluation of images and resistance index measurement by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty premature, very-low-birth-weight neonates were submitted to transcranial Doppler ultrasonography with sequential transfontanellar and transtemporal techniques. RESULTS: Cerebral abnormalities were detected in 32% of the neonates (22% with intracranial hemorrhage, 8% with periventricular leukomalacia, and 2% with toxoplasmosis). Among the 34 cases (68%) of neonates in whom no brain lesion was detected at transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, 18 (53%) presented changes in the resistance index. Such resistance index varied according to the time of the examination. CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between the presence of cerebral hemodynamic changes demonstrated by resistance index measurements and the subsequent development of hemorrhages and hypoxic-ischemic lesions. Although not being a death predictor, changes in the resistance index are associated with the severity of the clinical conditions in preterm, very-low-birth-weight neonates.

Keywords: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography; Premature, very-low-birth-weight neonates; Ultrasonography; Resistance index.

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is a rare condition that generally affects low-weight preterm infants submitted to mechanical ventilation. The prognosis is variable, depending on early diagnosis and treatment. The radiologist plays a key role in this scenario. The authors report a case of persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema, describing the main characteristics of such entity.

Keywords: Pulmonary interstitial emphysema; Newborns; Mechanical ventilation.