OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the time required to achieve maximum brachial artery dilation by means of flow-mediated dilation, as well as the differences in such dilation as four groups of smoking and nonsmoking pregnant and non-pregnant women are compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study where the brachial artery diameter was measured considering four time spans following pressoric stimulus (30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds) in four groups of women in the age range between 20 and 30 years as follows: nonsmoking pregnant women (n = 47) and smoking pregnant women (n = 33) with gestational age between 24 and 28 weeks, nonsmoking (n = 34) and smoking (n = 19) non-pregnant women. RESULTS: The evaluation of dilation of the brachial artery at the different time spans following pressoric stimulus demonstrated maximum dilation for all the groups at "60 seconds" following the cuff deflation (p < 0.01). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was greater among nonsmoking pregnant women as compared with smoking ones (p = 0.03), as well as in the group of nonsmoking, non-pregnant women as compared with the smoking ones (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The smoking habit does not interfere in the time span required to achieve maximum brachial artery dilation.

Keywords: Ultrasonography, Endothelium, Endothelial function, Pregnant women, Smokers

Uterine malformations are unusual findings in the clinical practice of gynecology. Statistics regarding this abnormality are flawed, and there is a lack of standardization of the pertinent terminology, besides difficulty in the diagnosis. Starting in the 1980's, ultrasound became a procedure indispensable to the clinical practice in the field of tocogynecology, modifying concepts and procedures, and bringing an important contribution to this specialty. The advent of endocavitary transducers, amplitude and spectral color Doppler, as well as the increasing improvement in the imaging quality, has contributed to this progress. Over the last ten years, much has been studied, published and discussed about the role of the three-dimensional ultrasonography. The authors review the topic and emphasize the importance of this method as a diagnostic modality.

Keywords: Uterine malformations, Müllerian malformations, Three-dimensional ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intraobserver reproducibility of real three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) with virtual ultrasonography using multiplanar and volumetric reformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 132 blocks from 44 evaluations of 26 conceptuses were prospectively examined. The gestational age determined by echography ranged from eight weeks and eight weeks and six days in 18 conceptuses and ten weeks and ten weeks and six days in 26 conceptuses. The following structures were analyzed by 3DUS: crown-rump length, gestational sac, amniotic sac, nuchal translucency, omphalomesenteric duct, vitellin vesicle, upper limbs, lower limbs, head-thorax distinction, lateral view of the face, coronal view of the face, ear implantation, lateral view of the spine, coronal view of the spine, and closed abdominal wall. Three blocks were obtained from each conceptus for virtual ultrasonography. Student's t test, McNemar test and kappa statistics were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: In group I, real multiplanar 3DUS versus 3D virtual multiplanar ultrasonography, the analysis of continuous variables showed significant differences for all variables. The analysis of categorical variables showed no significant differences in any of the variables. In group II, real volumetric 3DUS versus virtual volumetric ultrasonography, showed significant differences only for ear implantation. The results of the analyses of categorical variables were consistent for most of the variables analyzed in both groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that there is intraobserver reproducibility of virtual ultrasonography using multiplanar and volumetric reformations.

Keywords: Virtual ultrasonography, Three-dimensional ultrasonography, First trimester

The pleural effusion, formerly called pleural spill, is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, as a consequence of an imbalance between the formation and reabsorption of such fluid, or due to an alteration in the drainage to lymph nodes. The purpose of this bibliographic review is to establish the importance of the use of ultrasound in pleural diffusion diagnosis. The authors discuss the use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of this disease, and stress the importance of ultrasonography in chest diseases diagnosis, its advantages, limitations and disadvantages when compared to the common x-ray, computed tomography and physical examination. The authors also discuss the definition of pleural effusion, its physiopathology, morbidity, mortality, main causes and clinical presentation. The examination technique is systematically approached both by thoracic and abdominal pathways.

Keywords: Pleural effusion, Pleural spill, Ultrasound

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ultrasonographic and clinical variables such as the presence or absence of bile sludge, thickness of the gallbladder wall, transverse measurement of the gallbladder, age, parity, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, and to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic gallstones in female patients submitted to ultrasonographic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study involving 265 female patients attending at the "Escola de Ultra-sonografia e Reciclagem Médica de Ribeirão Preto", São Paulo, Brazil, during the period from January to September, 2001. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in gallstones and gallbladder wall thickness, bile sludge, transverse gallbladder diameter, age, parity, with a 4.1% among nulliparous women and a 39.1% in multiparous women and diabetic women. The prevalence of gallstones in asymptomatic patients was 14.7%. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic gallstones in women were mainly related to age and parity. The most frequently detected ultrasonographic findings were the presence of bile sludge and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

Keywords: Gallstones, Asymptomatic women, Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of abdominal ultrasound in the follow-up of a group of post-treatment breast cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied the findings of abdominal ultrasound examinations of 100 patients treated for primary breast cancer. These patients were attended from January to December of 1997 at the Ultrasound Sector, Division of Radiology of the Department of Clinical Medicine of the "Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo", SP, Brazil. Information such as age, histological type, staging, number of examinations and ultrasound findings were rated and analyzed. RESULTS: Abdominal ultrasound was normal in 70% of the patients whereas liver metastases were diagnosed in 3% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The majority of the abnormalities identified were not directly related to complications of breast cancer.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Abdominal ultrasound, Follow-up